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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 26 (1932), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den gewonnenen Resultaten kann man folgende Schlüsse ziehen: Die magnetische Flußverteilung im Eisenkern des fünfschenkligen Dreiphasentransformators darf für praktische Zwecke auf Grund der normalen oder mittleren Permeabilitätskurve nach den Formeln von Küchler und Stallmann, oder einfacher nach unserer graphischen Methode, bestimmt werden. Hierzu können aus Symmetriegründen beiden Jochen und Rückschenkeln die gleichen Werte der magnetischen Permeabilitätμ 4 =μ 7 ;μ 5 =μ 6 zugeschrieben werden, wenn auch die entsprechenden Induktionsflüsse durch den Einfluß der Oberwellen dritter und höherer Ordnung nicht die gleiche Form und Amplitude besitzen werden. Um die Bedeutung dieser Oberwellen soweit wie möglich herunterzudrücken, benutzt man am besten die Dreieckschaltung einer besonderen, tertiären Wicklung, falls die primäre und sekundäre Wicklung aus anderen Gründen in Stern geschaltet werden. Eine direkte Verbindung der Nullpunkte des Generators und Transformators ist weniger wirksam, und wird in der Praxis seltener gebraucht. Unter gewöhnlichen Verhältnissen wird die Reluktanz der Rückschenkel bedeutend größer als die der Joche; aus diesem Grunde sind auch die ersten meistens magnetisch weniger ausgenutzt als die letzteren. Die Eisenverluste bei dem gleichen Gesamtgewicht werden demnach größer als die eines dreischenkligen Kerns. Um diesen Unterschied zu begrenzen, sind die Stoßfugen so klein wie möglich zu halten, oder das Eisenpaket überlappt wie bei der Manteltype aufzubauen. Die nicht ganz einfache Anordnung, die von Prof. Vidmar in dem eingangs erwähnten Aufsatz vorgeschlagen wurde: besondere Luftspalte in den eigentlichen Jochstrecken einstellbar zu machen, und somit die Trennung des ganzen Transformators in drei selbständige Teile, die bewickelt zum Versand kommen können, vorzunehmen, steht mit dem Zweck der neuen Bautype in einigem Widerspruch, und dürfte aus verschiedenen Gründen kaum empfohlen werden. Die Eisenverluste können jedenfalls nach der berechneten Flußverteilung mit genügender Annäherung vorgesehen werden, weil die zufälligen Fehler der Induktionsbestimmung in den Jochen und Rückschenkeln entgegengesetztes Vorzeichen besitzen und sich daher größtenteils aufheben.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 9 (1987), S. 1205-1217 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Interaction of biosystems with radiations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si riportano i risultati di uno studio della frequenza di trasformazione indotta in cellule in coltura da radiazione ionizzante in funzione della dose, del LET e della distribuzione temporale della dose. Per radiazioni a basso LET, l’andamento della curva dose-effectto è piuttosto complesso: la frequenza di trasformazione cresce con una potenza della dose minore di 1 nella regione di dosi (0.25÷1.5) Gy, di circa 2 nella regione da 1.5 Gy a 4.5 Gy oltre la quale si mantiene costante. La frequenza di trasformazione indotta da radiazioni ad alto LET aumenta con la dose con una potenza di 2 tra 0.1 e 2 Gy dove raggiunge il suo valore massimo e poi si mantiene costante. I valori di RBE aumentano con il LET fino a 140 keV/μm e poi decrescono in analogia con quanto trovato per altri effetti quqli la mortalità e l’aberrazione cromosomica. Il frazionamento e la riduzione dell’intensità di dose di radiazione a basso LET producono una diminuzione dell’incidenza di trasformazione; al contrario, alcune radiazioni ad alto LET quali neutroni da 0.85 MeV si sono mostrate molto piú efficaci, mostrando un netto aumento della frequenza di trasformazione quando la dose viene somministrata in piú frazioni od a ridotta intensità nell’intervallo di dosi minori di 1.5 Gy. Alla luce di questi dati si discutono e si analizzano diversi modelli d’induzione della trasformazione proposti in letteratura.
    Abstract: Резюме Частоты преобразований, индуцированные в клеточных системах излучениями с малыми и высокими ЛПЭ, сравниваются и анализируются в зависимости от ЛПЭ и дозы облучения. При больших интенсивностях кривая «дозаотклик» при излучениях с малыми ЛПЭ обнаруживает сложное поведение: частоты преобразований увеличиваются с дозой, как степенная функция с показателем меньше 1 в интервале (0.25÷1.5) Gy; потом с показателем 2 в интервале от 1.5 до 4.4 Gy, где достигают максимальной величины, а затем остаются постоянными. Частоты преобразованнй при излучениях с высокими ЛПЭ увеличиваются с дозой, как степенная функция с показателем 2 в интервале от 0.1 до 2 Gy, а затем остаются постоянными. Величины RBE увеличиваются с ЛПЭ вплоть до 140 кэВ/мкм, а затем уменьшаются. Частота преобразований уменьшается с уменьшением интенсивности дозы в случае излучений с низкими ЛПЭ, тогда как для излучений с высокими ЛПЭ, например, нейтроны с энергией 0.85 МэВ, частота преовразований возрастает. Для нейтронов можно оценить величины RBE для преобразований вплоть до 50. Анализируются и сравниваются различные модели, предложенные для объяснения этих результатов.
    Notes: Summary Transformation frequencies induced in cell systems by low- and high-LET radiations are compared and analysed as a function of LET and dose protraction. At acute dose rates, the dose-response curve with low-LET radiations shows a complex shape: the transformation frequency increases with the dose by a power of less than 1 in the interval (0.25÷1.5) Gy; a power of about 2 from 1.5 Gy to 4.5 Gy, where it reaches its maximum value and then remains constant. High-LET radiation transformation frequencies increase with dose by a power of 2 from 0.1 to 2 Gy after which they remain constant. RBE values increase with LET up to 140 ke V/μm and then decrease. The transformation frequency is reduced following dose fractionation or dose rate reduction with low-LET radiation, whereas it is enhanced with high-LET radiation, such as 0.85 MeV neutrons. Values of RBE for transformation up to 50 can be evaluated for neutrons. Various models that have been proposed to explain these results are analysed and compared.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 1191-1202 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Ionizing radiations (X-ray, γ-ray, and particle radiation effect)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary There is substantial experimental evidence that protracted exposure to high-LET radiation can have a greated effect than single exposure in inducing cell transformation, the so-called «inverse dose-rate effect». The magnitude of this enhancement is due to the complex interplay between dose, dose rate and radiation quality. We have developed a model that explains the complex trend of the experimental results. This model is based on the assumption that there is a brief period of high sensitivity to transformation in the cell cycle as proposed in the literature and takes into account the saturation observed at high doses in the dose-effect curves. Specific equations are reported for acute, protracted and fractionated irradiation. Findings with C3H10T1/2 cells were analised in the light of this model. Assuming best fitted parameters of the model obtained from acute-irradiation data, tranformation frequencies due to protracted or fractionated exposure were predicted and compared with experimental findings on fission and monoenergetic neutrons and on charged particles of LET between 20 and 150 keV/μm. The model’s predictions were found to be closely consistent with the available experimental data.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Experimental Cell Research 86 (1974), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 0014-4827
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Ultrasructure Research 16 (1966), S. 339-358 
    ISSN: 0022-5320
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cell Biology International Reports 5 (1981), S. 761 
    ISSN: 0309-1651
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 34 (1978), S. 1503-1504 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The phagocytic activity on in vitro cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages derived from animals treated with 6-alpha-methyl-prednisolone was examined. The statistical evaluation of results showed an increase of phagocytic activity of macrophages derived from treated animals in comparison with controls.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The frequency distributions of energy deposition in microscopic volumes for proton beams of various energies and energy spreads were determined by means of a “Rossi type” proportional counter. Tissue equivalent spherical volumes of 0.6, 0.72, 0.80, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 μm diameter were simulated. Frequency distributions of energy deposition per unit pathlength are reported and their behaviour as a function of the simulated pathlength, beam energy and energy spread is discussed. The results indicate that energy deposition distributions in microscopic volumes for protons in the range 8–31 MeV are skewsymmetric distributions with a tail on the high energy side, and that degraded beams behave differently from monoenergetic ones. Dose mean lineal energy values have been quoted for beams used in radiobiological experiments.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 19 (1981), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chromosome aberrations were induced in cultured human cells by proton beams of 31, 12, and 8 MeV. The frequencies of isocromatid breaks and dicentrics have been analysed as a function of proton energy and dose. Both effects are largely dependent on proton energy; isochromatid breaks increase linearly with the dose, whereas dicentrics show a definite parabolic behaviour. The experimental data were fitted to the analytic formY = KD n andY = αD +βD 2 and the best fitted values of the parameters are reported and discussed. The values of RBE for the isochromatid breaks are in the ratio 1.7: 1.3: 1 for 8, 12, and 31 MeV respectively. In the case of the dicentrics the RBE values are dose-dependent function of the typeCD −n . The three distributions of dicentrics among the cells do not fit a Poisson distribution.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 30 (1991), S. 53-70 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cell survival was studied by analyzing the inactivation probability density function and its fundamental parameters. Mean $$\bar D$$ , varianceσ 2 and modeD mode were evaluated and a set of equations relating these parameters to the usual parameters of the multitarget, multihit and linear-quadratic modelsD o andn, α andβ, k andλ are reported. The multihit equation used was an extension of the usual equation, to allow parameterk to assume values that are not necessarily integers. In the multitarget curve, the mode of inactivation probability density function, proved to be the quasi-threshold doseD q =D o ln(n). Relative variance, degree of asymmetry and degree of peakedness can be calculated from the shape parametersn in the multitarget model,k in the multihit model, and $$\alpha /\sqrt \beta $$ in the linear-quadratic model. From an analysis of eight published cell survival sets of data, on C3H10T1/2 cells exposed to low LET radiations, it was found that $$\bar D$$ ,σ, andSF 2 are the parameters which exhibit the least variation from experiment to experiment and the least variation in selecting the range of data available for estimation.
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