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  • 1
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    The state of agricultural landscapes in the Mediterranean: smallholder agriculture and land abandonment in terraced landscapes of the Ricote Valley, southeast Spain (2021)
    Heider, Katharina ; Rodriguez Lopez, Juan Miguel ; Balbo, Andrea L. ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: The fast and broad adoption of mechanization and chemical inputs in Mediterranean terraced agriculture, combined with warming climate trends, has led to the progressive degradation of environmental and social conditions. These factors have concurred with the increasing abandonment of smallholder agriculture. We aimed to detect and quantify the progression of cultivated and abandoned terraced fields in the Ricote Valley between 2016 and 2019 while also exploring reasons for land abandonment over the past decades. To quantify cultivated and abandoned agricultural terraces, we conducted (1) a terrace detection based on Lidar and cadaster data, (2) a land use classification based on Sentinel imagery, and (3) an investigation of the reasons for land abandonment based on participant observation and an expert survey. Our results show high rates of abandonment compared to the total available agricultural terraced area in the Ricote Valley. In 2016, 56% of the detected terraced area was classified as not cultivated. In 2019, the percentage decreased to 40%. Small parcels are cultivated to a higher percentage than large or medium-sized parcels. We identified five main reasons underlying land abandonment: (1) low income of farmers; (2) land fragmentation resulting in higher transaction costs; (3) lack of interest in agricultural activities among young generations; (4) lack of modernization; and (5) emotional bonds preventing the sale of abandoned parcels. We stressed the importance of a place-based mixed method approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the specificities of a given research area.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005846
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Cultural landscape ; Multifunctionality of agriculture ; Land fragmentation ; Geographic information system ; Mixed method ; Remote sensing
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the planarity of 2-fluorostyrene (1989)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 111 (1989), S. 6487-6491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00199a001
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GTP pool expansion is necessary for the growth rate increase occurring in Bacillus subtilis after amino acids shift-up (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis ; Growth rate ; Guanosine triphosphate ; RNA accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After addition of amino acids to a Bacillus subtilis glucose culture the intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) concentration increased. The growth rate and the rate of RNA accumulation increased too. With mycophenolic acid, an inhibitor of inosinate dehydrogenase, it was possible to adjust the intracellular GTP concentration to values ranging between that of the glucose culture and that of the culture which had received amino acids. This led to intermediate growth rate values. Guanosine abolished the mycophenolic acid inhibition of GTP synthesis. It also counteracted the drug effects on growth rate and RNA accumulation. In cultures growing on Nutrient Sporulation Medium, in which the growth rate decreases as cell density increases, the GTP concentration did correlate with the growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405887
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beziehungen zwischen katabolischer Repression und Sporulation bei Bacillus subtilis (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Enzym Acetoin-Dehydrogenase wird von zahlreichen Kohlenstoffquellen katabolisch reprimiert. Die folgenden Bufunde weisen darauf hin, daß die Repression dieses Enzyms und die Inhibition der Sporulation durch den gleichen Mechanismus erfolgen. 1. Mutanten, isoliert nach ihrer Fähigkeit, Acetoin Dehydrogense trotz Anwesenheit von Glucose zu bilden, können auch in Glucose Medium in einer höheren Rate als der Wildtyp sporulieren. 2. Die Fähigkeit einer Kohlenstoffquelle, die Induktion der Acetoin-Dehydrogenase zu hemmen, ist ihrer sporulationsinhibierenden Wirkung proportional. 3. Phosphatlimitierung im Medium, was bekanntlich Sporulation fördert, hat eine der katabolischen Repression entgegengesetzte Wirkung.
    Notes: Abstract Acetoin dehydrogenase can be catabolite repressed by numerous sources of carbon. The following results point out that the catabolite repression of this enzyme and the inhibition of sporulation are mediated by the same mechanism: 1. Mutants, able to synthesize acetoin dehydrogenase in the presence of glucose, sporulate in glucose medium at a higher rate than the standard strain. 2. The catabolite repressing effect of a compound and its ability to inhibit sporulation are in a direct relation to each other. 3. The limitation of inorganic phosphate in the growth medium, which is known to favour sporulation, counteracts the catabolite repressing effect of glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425133
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibration–rotation interactions and ring-puckering potential function in trimethylene sulphone (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 89 (1988), S. 678-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The microwave spectrum of trimethylene sulphone has been studied in the ground and five vibrational excited states of the ring-puckering vibration. Very large deviations from the rigid rotor behavior were observed for the lowest pair of states. These perturbations resulted from a strong Coriolis coupling between them and have been analyzed using a reduced axis system Hamiltonian. The energy separation between the v=0 and v=1 levels has been determined from this analysis to be of 0.9106±0.0004 cm−1. Small deviations from rigid rotor spectrum were observed for the v=2 to v=5 ring-puckering states that were found to fit semirigid rotor theory where the quartic centrifugal distortion constants account for the vibration–rotation interaction effects. From the variation of the rotational constants and the vibrational separation between v=0 and v=1 states, a reduced ring-puckering potential function has been determined to be V(X)=6.62(X4−9.22X2), which gives a barrier to the planar configuration of 140±35 cm−1. With this potential function the vibration–rotation interaction effects observed for states v=2 to v=5 have been interpreted. Considerations about the ring conformation and the dynamics of the ring-puckering motion have also been made. The μa component of the electric dipole moment has been determined to be 4.8 D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.455189
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ring-puckering potential function for butadiene sulphone (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 6384-6390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ring puckering in butadiene sulphone has been investigated using microwave spectroscopy and ab initio computations. Microwave spectra of the ground and first eight excited states of the ring-puckering vibration have been observed. A two state analysis of the vibration–rotation interaction for the v=0 and v=1 states gives an energy separation between these states of 4.97 (3) cm−1. This separation and the vibrational dependence of the rotational constants have been used to derive the reduced potential function V(X)=4.7(X4−6.5X2) for the ring-puckering vibration. This potential function gives a barrier to ring inversion of 50 (11) cm−1 and an equilibrium dihedral angle of ≈20°. Ab initio computations using STO 3-21G* orbitals and full geometry optimization give a barrier height of 88 cm−1 and an equilibrium dihedral angle of 19.2°. The ab initio computations predict structural relaxation including a rocking of the sulphone group during the ring-puckering motion. This is supported by calculations of the vibration–rotation interaction parameter (δμac/δQ). The μa component of the electric dipole moment has been determined as 4.6 (1) D from Stark effect measurements. The ab initio computations and Stark effect measurements indicate that the transition moment 〈0||μc||1〉 is 1–2 D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458317
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal dynamics in azetidine: A microwave and ab initio study (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 2237-2250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The internal dynamics of interconversion between equivalent conformations due to the coupling between ring puckering and NH inversion in azetidine has been investigated by rotational spectroscopy and ab initio computations. Analysis of the rotational spectra in the 8–220 GHz region has been completed for the ground state and first four excited states of the ring-puckering vibration. Rotational transitions exhibit a characteristic doubling originated by tunneling between equivalent conformations through a C2v barrier, which is related to symmetric (A1) and antisymmetric (B1) inversion states. Additionally, nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure arising from the N nucleus could be resolved for low-J transitions. Accurate rotational and centrifugal distortion parameters together with the energy difference between inversion states derived from μc-type inversion transitions have been derived for each ring-puckering state using a two-state Hamiltonian. An effective monodimensional reduced potential function for the ring-puckering vibration V(X)=10.82(X4+14.29X−8.93X2−0.28X3) has been found consistent with the observed experimental variation of the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants with ring-puckering. This asymmetric single minimum potential function supports the existence of only one stable equatorial form. The barrier to interconversion between equivalent equatorial conformers, related to the C2v conformation of azetidine in which the ring atoms and the NH group are coplanar, has been estimated to range between 1900 and 2600 cm−1. The strong dependence of the dipole moment and quadrupole coupling constants with ring-puckering vibrational state evidence structural changes that occur along the ring-puckering coordinate. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1334876
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HF inversion in the 2,5-dihydrofuran(centered ellipsis)HF complex (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 9421-9429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rotational spectrum of the hydrogen bond heterodimer 2,5-dihydrofuran(centered ellipsis)HF has been investigated in the frequency region 6–18.5 GHz using molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The R-branch μa-type spectra of the parent, 2,5-dihydrofuran(centered ellipsis)DF, 13Cα-2,5-dihydrofuran(centered ellipsis)HF and 13Cβ-2,5-dihydrofuran(centered ellipsis)HF species have been measured. All the observed lines are split into two components due to the tunneling of HF between the two equivalent hydrogen bonding sites at the oxygen atom. A value for the barrier to HF inversion of 100 cm−1 has been calculated from the analysis of the rotational constants of both tunneling states on the basis of a simple one-dimensional model. Ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) and MP2/6-311+G(2df,p) levels of theory have been carried out to complement the experimental data. The results on the HF inversion barrier and hydrogen bond angular geometry of 2,5-dihydrofuran(centered ellipsis)HF have been compared to those previously obtained for the H2O(centered ellipsis)HF complex. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1369623
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hydrogen-bonded heterodimer between methylene cyclobutane and hydrogen chloride: Observation of an endo conformer (2002)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 116 (2002), S. 4116-4123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of a hydrogen bond between methylene cyclobutane and hydrogen chloride has been investigated in the region 8–18 GHz using molecular-beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The rotational spectrum of an endo conformer in which methylene cyclobutane retains a puckered conformation and HCl is bonded in T-shape to the methylenic group has been observed. Searches for the exo form using Ar, Ne or He as carrier gases were unsuccessful. A Cs symmetry r0-like structure has been obtained for this conformer from the rotational data of three observed isotopomers (C5H8(centered ellipsis)H35Cl, C5H8(centered ellipsis)H37Cl, and C5H8(centered ellipsis)DCl). Ab initio calculations at MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level have been used to complement the analysis. These calculations predict the existence of both endo and exo conformers close in energy. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434990
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessments of the "new economy" scenario (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Qualitative market research 5 (2002), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-2752
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is devoted to a consideration of the present-day situation faced by the digital economy. The appearance of this phenomenon as one of the basic pillars of modern economies has provoked increasing interest in academic circles which, for the moment, is not fully reflected in the economic literature. Against this background, the central aim of this study is to synthesise the current state of the question, accepting the limitations imposed on such an exercise that is supposed by the scarcity of sources alluded to earlier. Qualitative research in this area has concentrated on the strategies that generate competitive advantages in a digital economy scenario. We follow this line by focusing on this question, trying to determine whether these studies converge in terms of proposals that can be used as a reference point for firms operating in virtual markets. Establishing the foundations of this new scenario is essential in order to consolidate the digital economy as an independent discipline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13522750210443254
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