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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exchange-biased spin valves combining a high magnetoresistance ratio with soft-magnetic behavior (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 611-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the preparation of bottom spin valves combining a high giant magnetoresistance effect (above 10%) with a soft-magnetic behavior (coercivities of a few hundreds of A/m). By optimization of film composition and preparation conditions, it is possible to obtain materials having magnetoresistance values around 16%, which display minor loop coercivities of 0.2 kA/m, and sensitivities of 11%/kA/m. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120821
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monte Carlo simulations of the transport of laser-ablated atoms in a diluted gas (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6401-6406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interaction between gas clouds, created by laser ablation, and a diluted gas background is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations. More specifically, the effect of elastic collisions between ablated atoms and background gas atoms on the kinetic energy and spatial distributions of atoms arriving at the substrate is investigated. The pressure regime under study is typically the range 0.1–200 mTorr. Thermalization is observed in a pressure range that varies over two orders of magnitude, dependent on the initial energy of the atoms and the ratio of the background gas and ablated atom molecular masses. During the first stages of thermalization, forward focusing is found to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355141
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal mechanisms in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin-valve structures (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5554-5562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy is used to provide a detailed description of how magnetization reversals take place in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin-valves. Direct observation is made of how both NiFe layers respond to an applied field. Marked differences from the behavior observed in single Permalloy layers of the same thickness are identified. Complex 360° wall structures frequently form and are studied in some detail. A description of their structure is given and a theory involving the compensation of charges from the biased layer is suggested to explain stability. The work has a direct bearing on the performance of spin-valves as sensors as the way the magnetization changes under the influence of an applied field affects the noise characteristics. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359676
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of energetic particle bombardment during sputter deposition on the properties of exchange-biased spin-valve multilayers (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 2993-2998 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of energetic particle bombardment during sputter deposition on the physical (magnetoresistance and interlayer coupling) and microstructural (roughness and interface thickness) properties of exchange-biased spin-valve multilayers is investigated. An increasing pressure leads, through enhanced stopping of energetic particles by collisions with the background gas, to a decrease of the interfacial intermixing by collisions during growth, and to a more rough, void-rich structure. These microstructural changes lead to an increase of the transmissivity of the interfaces for conduction electrons, as well as to an increase of the ferromagnetic interlayer coupling with increasing pressure. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359565
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incongruent transfer in laser deposition of FeSiGaRu thin films (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 8290-8296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The laser ablation and deposition of FeSiGaRu is studied. The deposited thin films are analyzed with Auger electron spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. It is found that the gallium and ruthenium content of the thin films is strongly dependent on the laser fluence. At high laser fluences (6 J/cm2) the thin films are depleted of gallium due to preferential sputtering of the gallium atoms from the thin film. Near the threshold fluence (1.9 J/cm2) the films contain an excess of gallium due to preferential evaporation of gallium from the target. The latter conclusions are based on time-of-flight studies of ablated atoms and ions and on measurements of the atoms that are sputtered from the substrate by the incoming flux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353447
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angle-resolved time-of-flight studies on ground-state neutrals formed by near-threshold excimer laser ablation of copper (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4163-4167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The angle-resolved velocity distributions of neutral copper atoms created by near-threshold ultraviolet excimer laser ablation of polycrystalline copper foils are measured as a function of the polar desorption angle and the laser fluence. The obtained time-of-flight spectra can be fitted by elliptical Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions on a stream velocity. Integration of the spectra allows one to determine the kinetic energy of these atoms. This kinetic energy is hyperthermal (1 eV).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355289
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas flow dynamics in laser ablation deposition (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 4547-4556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The gas flow dynamics of laser ablation plumes is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, angular-resolved time-of-flight (ARTOF) measurements are performed on a model system (laser etching of copper in a chlorine environment). The TOF spectra obtained can be fitted by elliptical Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions on a stream velocity. Theoretically, an analytical model is constructed, based on the hydrodynamical problem of an expanding elliptical gas cloud. The model allows semiquantitative prediction of ARTOF distributions and angular intensity distributions. Observed trends in laser ablation deposition such as independence of the angular intensity distribution on mass of the atom and laser fluence, and dependence of the angular distribution on spot dimensions are explained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350772
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of finite magnetic film thickness on Néel coupling in spin valves (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4466-4468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spin valves are widely studied due to their application as magnetoresistive material in magnetic recording heads and other magnetic field sensors. An important film property is the interlayer coupling field (called offset field Ho or ferromagnetic coupling field Hf). It has been shown that the Néel model for orange-peel coupling can be applied successfully to describe this interlayer coupling. The waviness associated with the developing granular structure is thereby taken as the relevant waviness. The original Néel model describes the ferromagnetic magnetostatic interaction between two ferromagnetic layers, of infinite thickness, separated by a nonmagnetic spacer with a correlated interface waviness. In this article, this physical picture is refined to account for the effect of the finite thickness of the magnetic films in a spin valve. Magnetic poles created at the outer surfaces of the magnetic layers result in an antiferromagnetic interaction with the poles at the inner surface of the opposite layer. A simple model is presented for the different interactions in a top spin valve (columnar structure with cumulative waviness on a flat substrate) and for a bottom spin valve (columnar structure with conformal waviness on a way substrate). Comparison to experimental data, shows that the free and pinned layer thickness dependence can be understood from this refined picture. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370376
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary electrons generated by fast neutral bombardment of the growing film during laser ablation deposition (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 59 (1991), S. 1311-1313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using an ion-probe method, time-of-flight measurements have been performed on the particles produced during excimer ablation of TiN. It is found that the number of ions produced in these ablation processes is quite small. The positive current due to secondary electrons departing from the detector and generated by fast neutral bombardment of the growing film vastly exceeds the current of positive ions arriving at the detector. This renders the ion-probe method unsuited for the determination of ion concentrations and ion velocity distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.105484
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoresistance in Ni80Fe20/Cu/Ni80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 spin valves with low coercivity and ultrahigh sensitivity (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 916-918 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present magnetoresistance measurements on Ni80Fe20/Cu/Ni80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 spin valves with crossed anisotropies: the easy magnetization direction of the unbiased Ni80Fe20 layer is perpendicular to the exchange biasing field which effectively works on the second Ni80Fe20 layer due to the interaction with the Fe50Mn50 layer. The hysteresis in the low-field magnetoresistance is less than 0.03 kA/m, which is ten times smaller than the hysteresis for similar materials with parallel anisotropies. The sensitivity (∂R/R∞)/∂H ranges from 8% to 18%/(kA/m), depending on the preparational method. To our knowledge this combination of very high sensitivity and very low coercivity has not been reported before.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112202
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