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Seawater carbonate chemistry and microbioerosion of coral skeletons (2013)

Reyes-Nivia, Catalina ; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo ; Kline, David I ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Reyes-Nivia, Catalina; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Kline, David I; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Dove, Sophie (2013): Ocean acidification and warming scenarios increase microbioerosion of coral skeletons. Global Change Biology, 19(6), 1919-1929, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12158

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Biological mediation of carbonate dissolution represents a fundamental component of the destructive forces acting on coral reef ecosystems. Whereas ocean acidification can increase dissolution of carbonate substrates, the combined impact of ocean acidification and warming on the microbioerosion of coral skeletons remains unknown. Here, we exposed skeletons of the reef-building corals, Porites cylindrica and Isopora cuneata, to present-day (Control: 400 µatm - 24 °C) and future pCO2-temperature scenarios projected for the end of the century (Medium: +230 µatm - +2 °C; High: +610 µatm - +4 °C). Skeletons were also subjected to permanent darkness with initial sodium hypochlorite incubation, and natural light without sodium hypochlorite incubation to isolate the environmental effect of acidic seawater (i.e., Omega aragonite 〈1) from the biological effect of photosynthetic microborers. Our results indicated that skeletal dissolution is predominantly driven by photosynthetic microborers, as samples held in the dark did not decalcify. In contrast, dissolution of skeletons exposed to light increased under elevated pCO2-temperature scenarios, with P. cylindrica experiencing higher dissolution rates per month (89%) than I. cuneata (46%) in the high treatment relative to control. The effects of future pCO2-temperature scenarios on the structure of endolithic communities were only identified in P. cylindrica and were mostly associated with a higher abundance of the green algae Ostreobium spp. Enhanced skeletal dissolution was also associated with increased endolithic biomass and respiration under elevated pCO2-temperature scenarios. Our results suggest that future projections of ocean acidification and warming will lead to increased rates of microbioerosion. However, the magnitude of bioerosion responses may depend on the structural properties of coral skeletons, with a range of implications for reef carbonate losses under warmer and more acidic oceans.

Keywords: Abundance; Abundance, standard error; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard error; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard error; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard error; Biomass; Biomass, standard error; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Buoyant weighing technique according to Davies (1989); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard error; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Dissolution/calcification; Dissolution/calcification, standard error; Dissolution rate of calcium carbonate; Distance; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Great_Barrier_Reef; Great Barrier Reef, Australia; Hyella sp.; Identification; Irradiance; Isopora cuneata; Laboratory experiment; Loss of ignition analysis; Mastigocoleus testarum; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Oscillatoria sp.; Ostreobium sp.; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error; pH; pH, standard error; Plectonema terebrans; Porites cylindrica; Potentiometric titration; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard error; Single species; South Pacific; Species; Spirulina sp.; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard error; Treatment

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 9021 data points

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Decline in growth of foraminifer Marginopora rossi under eutrophication and ocean acidification scenarios (2013)

Reymond, Claire E ; Lloyd, Alicia ; Kline, David I ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Reymond, Claire E; Lloyd, Alicia; Kline, David I; Dove, Sophie; Pandolfi, John M (2013): Decline in growth of foraminifer Marginopora rossi under eutrophication and ocean acidification scenarios. Global Change Biology, 19(1), 291-302, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12035

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: The combination of global and local stressors is leading to a decline in coral reef health globally. In the case of eutrophication, increased concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) are largely attributed to local land use changes. From the global perspective, increased atmospheric CO2 levels are not only contributing to global warming but also ocean acidification (OA). Both eutrophication and OA have serious implications for calcium carbonate production and dissolution among calcifying organisms. In particular, benthic foraminifera precipitate the most soluble form of mineral calcium carbonate (high-Mg calcite), potentially making them more sensitive to dissolution. In this study, a manipulative orthogonal two-factor experiment was conducted to test the effects of dissolved inorganic nutrients and OA on the growth, respiration and photophysiology of the large photosymbiont-bearing benthic foraminifer, Marginopora rossi. This study found the growth rate of M. rossi was inhibited by the interaction of eutrophication and acidification. The relationship between M. rossi and its photosymbionts became destabilized due to the photosymbiont's release from nutrient limitation in the nitrate-enriched treatment, as shown by an increase in zooxanthellae cells per host surface area. Foraminifers from the OA treatments had an increased amount of Chl a per cell, suggesting a greater potential to harvest light energy, however, there was no net benefit to the foraminifer growth. Overall, this study demonstrates that the impacts of OA and eutrophication are dose dependent and interactive. This research indicates an OA threshold at pH 7.6, alone or in combination with eutrophication, will lead to a decline in M. rossi calcification. The decline in foraminifera calcification associated with pollution and OA will have broad ecological implications across their ubiquitous range and suggests that without mitigation it could have serious implications for the future of coral reefs.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Area in square milimeter; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cell density; Chlorophyll a; Chromista; Coast and continental shelf; Coulometric titration; EXP; Experiment; Foraminifera; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Heron_Island_channel; Heterotrophic prokaryotes; Laboratory experiment; Macro-nutrients; Marginopora rossi; Net photosynthesis rate, oxygen; Number of measurements; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric titration; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Replicate; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Single species; South Pacific; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Time point, descriptive; Treatment

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4892 data points

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Effects of reduced and business-as-usual CO2 emission scenarios on the algal territories of the damselfish Pomacentrus wardi (Pomacentridae) (2015)

Bender, Dorothea ; Champ, Connor Michael ; Kline, David I ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Bender, Dorothea; Champ, Connor Michael; Kline, David I; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Dove, Sophie (2015): Effects of “reduced” and “business-as-usual” CO2 emission scenarios on the algal territories of the damselfish Pomacentrus wardi (Pomacentridae). PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0131442, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131442

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Turf algae are a very important component of coral reefs, featuring high growth and turnover rates, whilst covering large areas of substrate. As food for many organisms, turf algae have an important role in the ecosystem. Farming damselfish can modify the species composition and productivity of such algal assemblages, while defending them against intruders. Like all organisms however, turf algae and damselfishes have the potential to be affected by future changes in seawater (SW) temperature and pCO2. In this study, algal assemblages, in the presence and absence of farming Pomacentrus wardi were exposed to two combinations of SW temperature and pCO2 levels projected for the austral spring of 2100 (the B1 "reduced" and the A1FI "business-as-usual" CO2 emission scenarios) at Heron Island (GBR, Australia). These assemblages were dominated by the presence of red algae and non-epiphytic cyanobacteria, i.e. cyanobacteria that grow attached to the substrate rather than on filamentous algae. The endpoint algal composition was mostly controlled by the presence/absence of farming damselfish, despite a large variability found between the algal assemblages of individual fish. Different scenarios appeared to be responsible for a mild, species specific change in community composition, observable in some brown and green algae, but only in the absence of farming fish. Farming fish appeared unaffected by the conditions to which they were exposed. Algal biomass reductions were found under "reduced" CO2 emission, but not "business-as-usual" scenarios. This suggests that action taken to limit CO2 emissions may, if the majority of algae behave similarly across all seasons, reduce the potential for phase shifts that lead to algal dominated communities. At the same time the availability of food resources to damselfish and other herbivores would be smaller under "reduced" emission scenarios.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Ammonium; Ammonium, standard error; Aragonite saturation state; Ash free dry mass; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass, ash free dry mass per area; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Diameter; Dry mass; Entire community; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Height; Identification; Laboratory experiment; Net photosynthesis rate, oxygen; Number; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric titration; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Replicate; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard error; Sample ID; Shark_Bay; Soft-bottom community; South Pacific; Species; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Time point, descriptive; Treatment; Tropical; Type

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 20970 data points

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Major cellular and physiological impacts of ocean acidification on a reef building coral (2012)

Kaniewska, Paulina ; Campbell, Paul R ; Kline, David I ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Kaniewska, Paulina; Campbell, Paul R; Kline, David I; Rodriguez-Lanetty, Mauricio; Miller, David J; Dove, Sophie; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove (2012): Major Cellular and Physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on a Reef Building Coral. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34659, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034659.s005

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: As atmospheric levels of CO2 increase, reef-building corals are under greater stress from both increased sea surface temperatures and declining sea water pH. To date, most studies have focused on either coral bleaching due to warming oceans or declining calcification due to decreasing oceanic carbonate ion concentrations. Here, through the use of physiology measurements and cDNA microarrays, we show that changes in pH and ocean chemistry consistent with two scenarios put forward by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) drive major changes in gene expression, respiration, photosynthesis and symbiosis of the coral, Acropora millepora, before affects on biomineralisation are apparent at the phenotype level. Under high CO2 conditions corals at the phenotype level lost over half their Symbiodinium populations, and had a decrease in both photosynthesis and respiration. Changes in gene expression were consistent with metabolic suppression, an increase in oxidative stress, apoptosis and symbiont loss. Other expression patterns demonstrate upregulation of membrane transporters, as well as the regulation of genes involved in membrane cytoskeletal interactions and cytoskeletal remodeling. These widespread changes in gene expression emphasize the need to expand future studies of ocean acidification to include a wider spectrum of cellular processes, many of which may occur before impacts on calcification.

Keywords: Acropora millepora; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Category; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gene expression; Gene expression, fold change, relative; Gene expression (incl. proteomics); Gene name; Heron_Reef; Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland; Identification; Incubation duration; Laboratory experiment; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Photosynthetic capacity, oxygen production per cell; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen, dark per cell; Salinity; Single species; South Pacific; Species; Symbiodinium cell concentration; Temperate; Temperature, water; Treatment

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 19866 data points

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and dark respiration and photosynthetic capacity during experiments with coral Acropora formosa, 2010 (2010)

Crawley, Alicia ; Kline, David I ; Dunn, Simon ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Crawley, Alicia; Kline, David I; Dunn, Simon; Anthony, Kenneth R N; Dove, Sophie (2010): The effect of ocean acidification on symbiont photorespiration and productivity in Acropora formosa. Global Change Biology, 16(2), 851-863, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01943.x

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Ocean acidification is expected to lower the net accretion of coral reefs yet little is known about its effect on coral photophysiology. This study investigated the effect of increasing CO2 on photosynthetic capacity and photoprotection in Acropora formosa. The photoprotective role of photorespiration within dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium) has largely been overlooked due to focus on the presence of a carbon-concentrating mechanism despite the evolutionary persistence of a Form II Rubisco. The photorespiratory fixation of oxygen produces phosphoglycolate that would otherwise inhibit carbon fixation though the Calvin cycle if it were not converted to glycolate by phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGPase). Glycolate is then either excreted or dealt with by enzymes in the photorespiratory glycolate and/or glycerate pathways adding to the pool of carbon fixed in photosynthesis. We found that CO2 enrichment led to enhanced photoacclimation (increased chlorophyll a per cell) to the subsaturating light levels. Light-enhanced dark respiration per cell and xanthophyll de-epoxidation increased, with resultant decreases in photosynthetic capacity (Pnmax) per chlorophyll. The conservative CO2 emission scenario (A1B; 600-790 ppm) led to a 38% increase in the Pnmax per cell whereas the 'business-as-usual' scenario (A1F1; 1160-1500 ppm) led to a 45% reduction in PGPase expression and no change in Pnmax per cell. These findings support an important functional role for PGPase in dinoflagellates that is potentially compromised under CO2 enrichment.

Keywords: Acropora formosa; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Determined by the greatest rate of oxygen evolution at high light; EPOCA; Estimated by regressing O2 against time; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Laboratory experiment; Light:Dark cycle; Measured; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Odyssey light loggers (Dataflow Systems, Christchurch, New Zealand); Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Photosynthetic capacity, oxygen production; Photosynthetic capacity, oxygen production per cell; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Radiation, photosynthetically active; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen, dark per cell; Salinity; Single species; South Pacific; T50 Titrator (Mettler Toledo, Port Melbourne, Australia); Temperature, water; Tropical

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 63 data points

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with a coral community, 2008 (2008)

Anthony, Kenneth R N ; Kline, David I ; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Anthony, Kenneth R N; Kline, David I; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Dove, Sophie; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove (2008): Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(45), 7442-7446, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804478105

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Ocean acidification represents a key threat to coral reefs by reducing the calcification rate of framework builders. In addition, acidification is likely to affect the relationship between corals and their symbiotic dinoflagellates and the productivity of this association. However, little is known about how acidification impacts on the physiology of reef builders and how acidification interacts with warming. Here, we report on an 8-week study that compared bleaching, productivity, and calcification responses of crustose coralline algae (CCA) and branching (Acropora) and massive (Porites) coral species in response to acidification and warming. Using a 30-tank experimental system, we manipulated CO2 levels to simulate doubling and three- to fourfold increases [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection categories IV and VI] relative to present-day levels under cool and warm scenarios. Results indicated that high CO2 is a bleaching agent for corals and CCA under high irradiance, acting synergistically with warming to lower thermal bleaching thresholds. We propose that CO2 induces bleaching via its impact on photoprotective mechanisms of the photosystems. Overall, acidification impacted more strongly on bleaching and productivity than on calcification. Interestingly, the intermediate, warm CO2 scenario led to a 30% increase in productivity in Acropora, whereas high CO2 lead to zero productivity in both corals. CCA were most sensitive to acidification, with high CO2 leading to negative productivity and high rates of net dissolution. Our findings suggest that sensitive reef-building species such as CCA may be pushed beyond their thresholds for growth and survival within the next few decades whereas corals will show delayed and mixed responses.

Keywords: Acropora intermedia; Alkalinity, Gran titration (Gran, 1950); Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Anthony_etal_08; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bleaching; Buoyant weighing technique according to Davies (1989); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate; Calcite saturation state; Calculated, see reference(s); Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Laboratory experiment; Macroalgae; Net productivity of oxygen; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Other studied parameter or process; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH logger, MicroChem interface (TPS Australia); Plantae; Porites lobata; Porolithon onkodes; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Refractometer, Bellingham Stanley; Rhodophyta; Salinity; Single species; South Pacific; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 162 data points

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Dolomite-rich coralline algae in reefs resist dissolution in acidified conditions (2013)

Nash, Merinda C ; Opdyke, Bradley N ; Troitzsch, U ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Nash, Merinda C; Opdyke, Bradley N; Troitzsch, U; Russell, Bayden D; Adey, W H; Kato, A; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Brent, C; Gardner, M; Prichard, J; Kline, David I (2012): Dolomite-rich coralline algae in reefs resist dissolution in acidified conditions. Nature Climate Change, 3(3), 268-272, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1760

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Coral reef ecosystems develop best in high-flow environments but their fragile frameworks are also vulnerable to high wave energy. Wave-resistant algal rims, predominantly made up of the crustose coralline algae (CCA) Porolithon onkodes and P. pachydermum, are therefore critical structural elements for the survival of many shallow coral reefs. Concerns are growing about the susceptibility of CCA to ocean acidification because CCA Mg-calcite skeletons are more susceptible to dissolution under low pH conditions than coral aragonite skeletons. However, the recent discovery of dolomite (Mg0.5Ca0.5(CO3)), a stable carbonate, in P. onkodes cells necessitates a reappraisal of the impacts of ocean acidification on these CCA. Here we show, using a dissolution experiment, that dried dolomite-rich CCA have 6-10 times lower rates of dissolution than predominantly Mg-calcite CCA in both high-CO2 (~ 700 ppm) and control (~ 380 ppm) environments, respectively. We reveal this stabilizing mechanism to be a combination of reduced porosity due to dolomite infilling and selective dissolution of other carbonate minerals. Physical break-up proceeds by dissolution of Mg-calcite walls until the dolomitized cell eventually drops out intact. Dolomite-rich CCA frameworks are common in shallow coral reefs globally and our results suggest that it is likely that they will continue to provide protection and stability for coral reef frameworks as CO2 rises.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Aragonite; Aragonite saturation state; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Group; Laboratory experiment; Macroalgae; Magnesium carbonate, magnesite; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Plantae; Porolithon onkodes; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicate; Rhodophyta; Salinity; Sample code/label; Single species; South Pacific; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Treatment; Weight loss

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 801 data points

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Caribbean corals in crisis: record thermal stress, bleaching, and mortality in 2005 (2021)

Eakin, C.Mark ; Morgan, Jessica A ; Heron, Scott F ; [et al.]

In: http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11305 | 9 | 2020-10-12 13:47:59 | 11305 | Central Caribbean Marine Institute

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Publication Date: 2021-07-01

Description: Background:The rising temperature of the world’s oceans has become a major threat to coral reefs globally as the severityand frequency of mass coral bleaching and mortality events increase. In 2005, high ocean temperatures in the tropicalAtlantic and Caribbean resulted in the most severe bleaching event ever recorded in the basin.Methodology/Principal Findings:Satellite-based tools provided warnings for coral reef managers and scientists, guiding both the timing and location of researchers’ field observations as anomalously warm conditions developed and spread across the greater Caribbean region from June to October 2005. Field surveys of bleaching and mortality exceeded prior efforts in detail and extent, and provided a new standard for documenting the effects of bleaching and for testing nowcast and forecast products. Collaborators from 22 countries undertook the most comprehensive documentation of basin-scale bleaching to date and found that over 80% of corals bleached and over 40% died at many sites. The most severe bleaching coincided with waters nearest a western Atlantic warm pool that was centered off the northern end of the Lesser Antilles.Conclusions/Significance:Thermal stress during the 2005 event exceeded any observed from the Caribbean in the prior 20 years, and regionally-averaged temperatures were the warmest in over 150 years. Comparison of satellite data against field surveys demonstrated a significant predictive relationship between accumulated heat stress (measured using NOAA CoralReef Watch’s Degree Heating Weeks) and bleaching intensity. This severe, widespread bleaching and mortality willundoubtedly have long-term consequences for reef ecosystems and suggests a troubled future for tropical marine ecosystems under a warming climate

Description: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program

Description: Article Nr: e13969

Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Caribbean Sea ; coral reefs ; bleaching ; climate change ; temperature effects ; CCMI

Repository Name: AquaDocs

Type: article , TRUE

Format: application/pdf

Format: 1-9

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pH homeostasis during coral calcification in a free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiment, Heron Island reef flat, Great Barrier Reef (2015)

Georgiou, Lucy ; Falter, James ; Trotter, Julie ; [et al.]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2015; 112(43): 13219-13224. Published 2015 Oct 05. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505586112.

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Publication Date: 2015-10-05

Description: Geochemical analyses (δ11B and Sr/Ca) are reported for the coral Porites cylindrica grown within a free ocean carbon enrichment (FOCE) experiment, conducted on the Heron Island reef flat (Great Barrier Reef) for a 6-mo period from June to early December 2010. The FOCE experiment was designed to simulate the effects of CO2-driven acidification predicted to occur by the end of this century (scenario RCP4.5) while simultaneously maintaining the exposure of corals to natural variations in their environment under in situ conditions. Analyses of skeletal growth (measured from extension rates and skeletal density) showed no systematic differences between low-pH FOCE treatments (ΔpH = ∼−0.05 to −0.25 units below ambient) and present day controls (ΔpH = 0) for calcification rates or the pH of the calcifying fluid (pHcf); the latter was derived from boron isotopic compositions (δ11B) of the coral skeleton. Furthermore, individual nubbins exhibited near constant δ11B compositions along their primary apical growth axes (±0.02 pHcf units) regardless of the season or treatment. Thus, under the highly dynamic conditions of the Heron Island reef flat, P. cylindrica up-regulated the pH of its calcifying fluid (pHcf ∼8.4–8.6), with each nubbin having near-constant pHcf values independent of the large natural seasonal fluctuations of the reef flat waters (pH ∼7.7 to ∼8.3) or the superimposed FOCE treatments. This newly discovered phenomenon of pH homeostasis during calcification indicates that coral living in highly dynamic environments exert strong physiological controls on the carbonate chemistry of their calcifying fluid, implying a high degree of resilience to ocean acidification within the investigated ranges.

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490

Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General