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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Calcium chloride (2% w/v) significantly inhibited the growth of the pathogen Rhizopus stolonifer, but did not affect the colony-forming units (CFU) of yeasts Candida guilliermondii and Pichia membranefaciens in potato dextrose broth. The concentration of yeast suspension influenced spore germination and germ tube growth of R. stolonifer in vitro, as well as disease incidence and lesion development in fruits. There were significant negative relationships between the suspension concentrations of the yeasts and the growth as well as infectivity of the pathogen. The addition of calcium resulted in lower spore germination rates and slower growth of germ tubes in vitro, as well as in lower disease incidences and smaller lesion diameters compared with treatments with yeast antagonists alone. When yeast cell suspensions reached a concentration of 5 × 108 CFU mL−1, growth of the pathogen was completely limited in vitro, and no infection was found in peach and nectarine fruits treated with or without calcium.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 1739-1745 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanopowders of Bi2Ti2O7 with various Na+ modifications were synthesized by chemical coprecipitation, and their phase structures transform into a solid solution of Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi2Ti4O11 after sintering at high temperature. The dielectric peak at around 517 °C in Bi4Ti3O12 is related to the domain transformation at 445 °C in Bi2Ti2O7 and at 468 °C in Bi2Ti4O11 and moves to a higher temperature with increasing Bi2Ti4O11 concentration in the solid solution. Consequently, a dramatic drop of dielectric value in the solid solution was observed under a direct current bias due to the loss of relaxation mechanisms originated from the defect dipole orientation as well as oxygen vacancy migration. Furthermore, E-field dependent resistive measurements in Bi2Ti4O11 ceramics at various temperatures assert the defect dipole rotation and oxygen vacancy migration in combination with macrodomain alignment inside grains. Especially around phase transition, the field-induced phase switching leads to the abnormal jump of resistivity. Finally, the P–E hysteresis loop measurements show a good ferroelectricity in the solid solution. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 3172-3177 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Phase-sensitive second-harmonic generation (SHG) is employed to investigate domain patterns of c-axis oriented xBi2Ti4O11-(1−x)Bi4Ti3O12 films on SrTiO3 (001) substrates. The film density increases with increasing Bi2Ti4O11 concentration up to x=0.39. No SHG signal was observed on the Bi2Ti4O11 film. Double peaks appear in the curves of the dependence of the SHG signal on the fundamental polarization (0°–180°), which suggests the net polarization of Bi4Ti3O12 domains oriented along SrTiO3 [110] and [11¯0] directions. Under transverse electric field poling along the SrTiO3 [100] direction, the films with x=0.06 and 0.12 behave differently. The double peak intensities both increase monotonically with increasing ±E fields in the film with x=0.06. However, they change reversibly for the film at x=0.12 with increasing voltage from −2.0 to +2.1 kV. Theoretical modeling suggests the possibility of 180° wall motion with an uncorrelated phase relation for the film with x=0.06, but 90° wall motion with a complete phase relation for the film with x=0.16. The large dielectric permittivity for the film with x=0.39 is assumed to come from the 90° wall motion. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 114-116 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanopowders of Bi2Ti2O7 with various La modifications were fabricated by chemical coprecipitation. As sintered at high temperature, the phase structure in powders translates into (La0.22Bi0.78)4Ti3O12 and (La0.26Bi0.74)2Ti4O11 with increasing La concentration, respectively. Dielectric and nonlinear resistivity investigations in bulk ceramics show that oxygen vacancy relaxation or defect dipole polarization contributes considerably to the dielectric permittivity, while the mechanism is shut off under a threshold field dependent on phase transition as well as temperature. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the deviation of oxygen element composition at surfaces of (La0.22Bi0.78)4Ti3O12 ceramic grains from the standard ratio. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 4878-4883 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Bi4Ti3O12 nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical coprecipitation and crystallized in the perovskite structure after calcining at 520 °C. The dielectric properties were measured in bulk nanocrystalline compacts with different grain sizes. It was found that there were three peaks in the curves of the dielectric response as a function of temperature. The first peak shifts to higher temperature with decreasing grain size, which is considered to originate from the polarization of the ions in the conductive (Bi2O2)2+ layers across the potential barrier of the weak conductive perovskitelike layers. The second peak, contributed by the polarization of the defect dipoles on the grain surfaces, especially Bii〈sup ARRANGE="STAGGER"〉.–Vo″ dipoles, decreases gradually in intensity and finally disappears with increasing grain size. The last one, corresponding to a ferroelectric phase transition temperature, increases at first with decreasing grain size from 56 to 25 nm, then decreases with further decreasing grain size, and the mechanism is correlated with a competing effect of the released internal stresses and the clamped domain walls due to the diffusion of oxygen vacancies.© 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 294-301 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Imperfections in the (100), (010) and (001) plates of an inorganic nonlinear crystal of lithium boric oxide [lithium triboron (III) tetraoxide] (LiB3O5), prepared from different blocks, have been studied by means of X-ray projection topography. The experimental results show that there are mainly grown-in dislocations with b = [100], [101], [10{\bar 1}], [001] and [011], glide dislocations in the system of (010)[101], inclusion-induced dislocations almost all with b = [101], [10{\bar 1}] and [001], distributed in a network parallel to the (010) plane, inclusions with the orthorhombic configuration and a long stripe to which there is only one gas bubble attached, and assigned to be the negative crystals. All dislocations run nearly straight and are of the pure screw type. The origins of defect formation and some other crystal properties are discussed in terms of the structure.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 45 (1989), S. 1861-1863 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 43 (1987), S. 2334-2338 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 1999-2001 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 49 (1993), S. 1000-1001 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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