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  • 1
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    Lens design for electromagnetic lithotripters [Engineering] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
    Description: The efficiency of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), a noninvasive first-line therapy for millions of nephrolithiasis patients, has not improved substantially in the past two decades, especially in regard to stone clearance. Here, we report a new acoustic lens design for a contemporary electromagnetic (EM) shock wave lithotripter, based on recently...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Toward wild psychometrics: linking individual cognitive differences to fitness (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-15
    Description: Our understanding of the processes underlying animal cognition has improved dramatically in recent years, but we still know little about how cognitive traits evolve. Following Darwinian logic, to understand how selection acts on such traits we must determine whether they vary between individuals, influence fitness, and are heritable. A handful of recent studies have begun to explore the relationship between variation in individual cognitive performance and fitness under natural conditions. Such work holds great promise, but its success is contingent on accurate characterization and quantification of the cognitive differences between individuals. Existing research has typically adopted a "problem-solving" approach, assuming that individuals that complete novel tasks have greater cognitive prowess than those that do not. We argue that this approach is incapable of determining that individual differences are due to cognitive factors. We propose the adoption of psychologically grounded psychometric testing and discuss the criteria necessary to examine the fitness consequences of cognitive variation in the wild.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Synergistic sorbent separation for one-step ethylene purification from a four-component mixture (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Purification of ethylene (C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉4〈/sub〉), the largest-volume product of the chemical industry, currently involves energy-intensive processes such as chemisorption (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 removal), catalytic hydrogenation (C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 conversion), and cryogenic distillation (C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 separation). Although advanced physisorbent or membrane separation could lower the energy input, one-step removal of multiple impurities, especially trace impurities, has not been feasible. We introduce a synergistic sorbent separation method for the one-step production of polymer-grade C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 from ternary (C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉6〈/sub〉/C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉4〈/sub〉) or quaternary (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉6〈/sub〉/C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉4〈/sub〉) gas mixtures with a series of physisorbents in a packed-bed geometry. We synthesized ultraselective microporous metal-organic materials that were readily regenerated, including one that was selective for C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 over CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, and C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉H〈sub〉4〈/sub〉.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Novel Selective and Irreversible Mosquito Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Controlling Malaria and Other Mosquito-Borne Diseases (2013)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: We reported previously that insect acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) could be selectively and irreversibly inhibited by methanethiosulfonates presumably through conjugation to an insect-specific cysteine in these enzymes. However, no direct proof for the conjugation has been published to date, and doubts remain about whether such cysteine-targeting inhibitors have desirable kinetic properties for insecticide use. Here we report mass spectrometric proof of the conjugation and new chemicals that irreversibly inhibited African malaria mosquito AChE with bimolecular inhibition rate constants (kinact/KI) of 3,604–458,597 M−1sec−1 but spared human AChE. In comparison, the insecticide paraoxon irreversibly inhibited mosquito and human AChEs with kinact/KI values of 1,915 and 1,507 M−1sec−1, respectively, under the same assay conditions. These results further support our hypothesis that the insect-specific AChE cysteine is a unique and unexplored target to develop new insecticides with reduced insecticide resistance and low toxicity to mammals, fish, and birds for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep01068
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Cytoplasmic cAMP-sensing domain of hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels uses two structurally distinct mechanisms to regulate voltage gating [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-12
    Description: Voltage gating of hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels is potentiated by direct binding of cAMP to a cytoplasmic cAMP-sensing domain (CSD). When unliganded, the CSD inhibits hyperpolarization-dependent opening of the HCN channel gate; cAMP binding relieves this autoinhibition so that opening becomes more favorable thermodynamically. This autoinhibition-relief mechanism is conserved with that of several other cyclic nucleotide receptors using the same ligand-binding fold. Besides its thermodynamic effect, cAMP also modulates the depolarization-dependent deactivation rate by kinetically trapping channels in an open state. Here we report studies of strong open-state trapping in an HCN channel showing that the well-established autoinhibition-relief model is insufficient. Whereas deletion of the CSD mimics the thermodynamic open-state stabilization usually associated with cAMP binding, CSD deletion removes rather than mimics the kinetic effect of strong open-state trapping. Substitution of different CSD sequences leads to variation of the degree of open-state trapping in the liganded channel but not in the unliganded channel. CSD-dependent open-state trapping is observed during a voltage-dependent deactivation pathway, specific to the secondary open state that is formed by mode shift after prolonged hyperpolarization activation. This hysteretic activation–deactivation cycle is preserved by CSD substitution, but the change in deactivation kinetics of the liganded channel resulting from CSD substitution is not correlated with the change in autoinhibition properties. Thus the liganded and the unliganded forms of the CSD respectively provide the structural determinants for open-state trapping and autoinhibition, such that two distinct mechanisms for cAMP regulation can operate in one receptor.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Structure–Activity Relationships for Vitamin D3-Based Aromatic A-Ring Analogues as Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors (2014)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-29
    Description: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/jm401812d
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 7
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    NLRX1 is a regulator of mitochondrial antiviral immunity (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-18
    Description: The RIG-like helicase (RLH) family of intracellular receptors detect viral nucleic acid and signal through the mitochondrial antiviral signalling adaptor MAVS (also known as Cardif, VISA and IPS-1) during a viral infection. MAVS activation leads to the rapid production of antiviral cytokines, including type 1 interferons. Although MAVS is vital to antiviral immunity, its regulation from within the mitochondria remains unknown. Here we describe human NLRX1, a highly conserved nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)- and leucine-rich-repeat (LRR)-containing family member (known as NLR) that localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane and interacts with MAVS. Expression of NLRX1 results in the potent inhibition of RLH- and MAVS-mediated interferon-beta promoter activity and in the disruption of virus-induced RLH-MAVS interactions. Depletion of NLRX1 with small interference RNA promotes virus-induced type I interferon production and decreases viral replication. This work identifies NLRX1 as a check against mitochondrial antiviral responses and represents an intersection of three ancient cellular processes: NLR signalling, intracellular virus detection and the use of mitochondria as a platform for anti-pathogen signalling. This represents a conceptual advance, in that NLRX1 is a modulator of pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors rather than a receptor, and identifies a key therapeutic target for enhancing antiviral responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Chris B -- Bergstralh, Daniel T -- Duncan, Joseph A -- Lei, Yu -- Morrison, Thomas E -- Zimmermann, Albert G -- Accavitti-Loper, Mary A -- Madden, Victoria J -- Sun, Lijun -- Ye, Zhengmao -- Lich, John D -- Heise, Mark T -- Chen, Zhijian -- Ting, Jenny P-Y -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):573-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06501. Epub 2008 Jan 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18200010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Humans ; Interferon-beta/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*immunology/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Transport ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Virus Replication ; Viruses/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Economic reasons for conserving wild nature (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: On the eve of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, it is timely to assess progress over the 10 years since its predecessor in Rio de Janeiro. Loss and degradation of remaining natural habitats has continued largely unabated. However, evidence has been accumulating that such systems generate marked economic benefits, which the available data suggest exceed those obtained from continued habitat conversion. We estimate that the overall benefit:cost ratio of an effective global program for the conservation of remaining wild nature is at least 100:1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balmford, Andrew -- Bruner, Aaron -- Cooper, Philip -- Costanza, Robert -- Farber, Stephen -- Green, Rhys E -- Jenkins, Martin -- Jefferiss, Paul -- Jessamy, Valma -- Madden, Joah -- Munro, Kat -- Myers, Norman -- Naeem, Shahid -- Paavola, Jouni -- Rayment, Matthew -- Rosendo, Sergio -- Roughgarden, Joan -- Trumper, Kate -- Turner, R Kerry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):950-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. a.balmford@zoo.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Forestry ; Humans ; Private Sector ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    A chip-integrated coherent photonic-phononic memory (2017)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-19
    Description: A chip-integrated coherent photonic-phononic memory Nature Communications, Published online: 18 September 2017; doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00717-y Optical storage implementations based on optomechanical resonator are limited to one wavelength. Here, exploiting stimulated Brillouin scattering, the authors demonstrate a coherent optical memory based on a planar integrated waveguide, which can operate at different wavelengths without cross-talk.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Nutrients and phytoplankton in semienclosed lagoon systems in Florida Bay and their responses to changes in flow from Everglades restoration (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-13
    Description: The largest estuarine flow restoration project is the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). In 2012, one of its first phases, the C-111 Project, was initiated and designed to increase freshwater flow into northern Florida Bay. Effects of changes in flow and associated nutrients on phytoplankton abundance and composition were studied in two sets of interconnected, quasi-enclosed saline lakes at the southern end of the Everglades that discharge into northern Florida Bay. After C-111 implementation, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) decreased, driven by especially large declines in . In spite of N reduction, those lakes that has been oligotrophic prior to the project experienced an approximate doubling of phytoplankton biomass as nutrient ratios converged on Redfield proportions, and a shift to smaller sized cells and a loss of diatoms as availability declined. The other set of these lakes, previously highly eutrophic, sustained a significant, nearly 50%, decline in overall phytoplankton biomass, particularly larger sized cells, which, in turn, increased downstream. A chemostat model was invoked to explain these changes based on changes in flow and nutrients. In both systems the proportions of picocyanobacteria increased in the upper lakes as the relative availability of chemically reduced forms of N increased. Both lake systems may export algal biomass, changing the phytoplankton assemblage in northern Florida Bay. These lakes may also serve as buffers, damping the effects in Florida Bay itself, and they illustrate broad implications for estuaries that are impacted by natural or anthropogenic changes in flow.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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