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  • 1
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    Oceans. Dis-crediting ocean fertilization (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chisholm, S W -- Falkowski, P G -- Cullen, J J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):309-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. chisholm@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; Fertilizers ; Food Chain ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Iron ; Oceans and Seas ; Patents as Topic ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Biological weighting function for the inhibition of phytoplankton photosynthesis by ultraviolet radiation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-23
    Description: Severe reduction of stratospheric ozone over Antarctica has focused increasing concern on the biological effects of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation (280 to 320 nanometers). Measurements of photosynthesis from an experimental system, in which phytoplankton are exposed to a broad range of irradiance treatments, are fit to an analytical model to provide the spectral biological weighting function that can be used to predict the short-term effects of ozone depletion on aquatic photosynthesis. Results show that UVA (320 to 400 nanometers) significantly inhibits the photosynthesis of a marine diatom and a dinoflagellate, and that the effects of UVB are even more severe. Application of the model suggests that the Antarctic ozone hole might reduce near-surface photosynthesis by 12 to 15 percent, but less so at depth. The experimental system makes possible routine estimation of spectral weightings for natural phytoplankton.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cullen, J J -- Neale, P J -- Lesser, M P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 23;258(5082):646-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17748901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: synthesis and future directions (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: Since the mid-1980s, our understanding of nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production has radically changed. Mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAXs) have unequivocally shown that iron supply limits production in one-third of the world ocean, where surface macronutrient concentrations are perennially high. The findings of these 12 FeAXs also reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system. However, extrapolation of the key results of FeAXs to regional and seasonal scales in some cases is limited because of differing modes of iron supply in FeAXs and in the modern and paleo-oceans. New research directions include quantification of the coupling of oceanic iron and carbon biogeochemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyd, P W -- Jickells, T -- Law, C S -- Blain, S -- Boyle, E A -- Buesseler, K O -- Coale, K H -- Cullen, J J -- de Baar, H J W -- Follows, M -- Harvey, M -- Lancelot, C -- Levasseur, M -- Owens, N P J -- Pollard, R -- Rivkin, R B -- Sarmiento, J -- Schoemann, V -- Smetacek, V -- Takeda, S -- Tsuda, A -- Turner, S -- Watson, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):612-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. pboyd@alkali.otago.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Climate ; Diatoms/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Iron/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Zooplankton/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Autotrophic picoplankton in the tropical ocean (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-21
    Description: In phytoplankton of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean from 25 to 90 percent of the biomass (measured as chlorophyll a) and 20 to 80 percent of the inorganic carbon fixation were attributable to particles that could pass a screen with a 1-micrometer pore diameter. Evidence is presented that these are indeed autotrophic cells and not cell fragments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, W K -- Rao, D V -- Harrison, W G -- Smith, J C -- Cullen, J J -- Irwin, B -- Platt, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jan 21;219(4582):292-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17798278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Behavior, physiology and the niche of depth-regulating phytoplankton (1998)
    In:  EPIC3Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Anderson, D.M., A.D. Cembella, G.M. Hallegraeff, pp. 559-580
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 6
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    Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and future directions (2007)
    In:  EPIC3Science, 315, pp. 612-617
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous measurement of the DCMU-induced fluorescence response of natural phytoplankton populations (1979)
    Springer
    Marine biology 53 (1979), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 3x10-6 M DCMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea] on in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence was observed in nearshore waters of the Southern California Bight. We compared fluorescence readings in the presence and absence of this inhibitor using parallel flow-through fluorometers. The increase in fluorescence induced by DCMU is expressed as the FRI (fluorescence response index). Theory and laboratory studies on batch cultures of phytoplankton suggest that the FRI is correlated with photosynthetic efficiency and/or physiological state, but other studies have produced results in apparent conflict with this interpretation. Although sufficient information does not exist to justify the use of fluorescence response as a precise physiological indicator in the field, we suggest that very low FRI values are a manifestation of photosynthetic debility in a sample. Vertical profiles showed a wide range of the fluorescence response index. At a station close to shore, low FRI values were observed well below the 1% light level, but the fluorescence response of the phytoplankton throughout the euphotic zone was similar to that of growing cultures. Farther offshore, the FRI was depressed near the surface, but increased in the enhanced nutrient conditions of the lower euphotic zone. The patterns observed were strong, and consistent with hypotheses which relate low values of the FRI to diminished photosynthetic capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386524
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens (1981)
    Springer
    Marine biology 62 (1981), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-thecate dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium splendens, was studied in a 12 d laboratory experiment in 2.0x0.25 m containers in which light, temperature, and nutrients could be manipulated. Under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, the dinoflagellates exhibited diurnal vertical migrations, swimming downward before the dark period began and upward before the end of the dark period. This vertical migration probably involved geotaxis and a diel rhythm, as well as light-mediated behavior. The vertical distribution of nitrate affected the behavior and physiology of the dinoflagellate. When nitrate was present throughout the container, the organisms resembled those in exponential batch culture both in C:N ratios and photosynthetic capacity (Pmax); moreover, they migrated to the surface during the day. In contrast, when nitrate was depleted, C:N ratios increased, Pmax decreased, and the organisms formed a subsurface layer at a depth corresponding to the light level at which photosynthesis saturated. When nitrate was present only at the bottom of the tank, C:N ratios of the population decreased until similar to those of nutrient-saturated cells and Pmax increased; however, the dinoflagellates behaved the same as nutrient-depleted cells, forming a subsurface layer during the light period. Field measurements revealed a migratory subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer dominated by G. splendens. It was just above the nitracline during the day, and in the nitracline during the night, which concurs with our laboratory observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388169
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological weighting of ultraviolet (280–400 nm) induced mortality in marine zooplankton and fish. I. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 134 (1999), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, productivity-determining biophysical interactions occur in the upper 0 to 30 m of the water column. The eggs and larvae of several commercially important marine invertebrates and fishes (e.g. Gadus morhua L.) are found in this layer. Measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficients for ultraviolet-B radiation (280 to 320 nm, UV-B) at various locations in this geographic region indicated maximum 10% depths (the depth to which 10% of the surface energy penetrates at a given wavelength) of 3 to 4 m at a wavelength of 310 nm. This represents a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer are exposed to UV-B radiation. Laboratory experiments using a Xenon-arc-lamp based solar simulator revealed that cod embryos exposed to UV-B exhibited high wavelength-dependent mortality. The strongest effects occurred under exposures to wavelengths below 312 nm. This susceptibility was also dependent upon developmental stage; mortality was particularly high during gastrulation. At the shorter wavelengths (〈305 nm) UV-B-induced mortality was strongly dose-dependent, and not significantly influenced by dose-rate. The biological weighting function (BWF) derived for UV-B-induced mortality in cod eggs is similar to that reported for naked DNA – suggesting that the mortality is a direct result of DNA damage. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of ultraviolet-A radiation (320 to 400 nm). Calculations based upon the BWF indicate that, under current noon surface irradiance, 50% of cod eggs located at or very near (within 10 cm) the ocean surface will be dead after 42 h of exposure. Under solar spectral irradiance simulating a 20% decrease in ozone layer thickness, this time drops to 32 h. These are first-order estimates based upon surface irradiance taken at a time of day during which the values would be maximal. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relative changes in UV-B impacts that will result from ozone layer depletions expected over the coming decades. It is also important to point out that variability in cloud cover, water quality, and vertical distribution and displacement of cod eggs and larvae within the mixed layer, can all have a greater effect on the flux of UV-B radiation to which fish eggs are exposed than will ozone layer depletion at these latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050545
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological weighting of ultraviolet (280–400 nm) induced mortality in marine zooplankton and fish. II. Calanus finmarchicus (Copepoda) eggs (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 134 (1999), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The copepod Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus is a key component of the planktonic food web in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. In this region, productivity-determining biophysical interactions occur in the upper 0 to 30 m of the water column. The eggs and nauplii of C. finmarchicus are found in this layer. Measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficients for solar ultraviolet-B radiation (280 to 320 nm, UV-B) at various locations in this region indicated maximum 10% depths (the depth to which 10% of the surface energy penetrates) of 3 to 4 m at a wavelength of 310 nm. This represents a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer are exposed to UV-B radiation. Laboratory experiments using a Xenon-arc-lamp based solar simulator revealed that C. finmarchicus embryos exposed to UV-B exhibited high wavelength-dependent mortality. The strongest effects occurred under exposures to wavelengths below 312 nm. A significant percentage of nauplii hatched from eggs exposed to these wavelengths exhibited malformations indicative of errors in pattern formation during embryogenesis. At the shorter wavelengths (〈305 nm), UV-B-induced mortality was strongly dependent on cumulative exposure. The biological weighting function (BWF) derived for UV-B-induced mortality in C. finmarchicus eggs is similar to that reported for naked DNA. This suggests that the UV-B-induced mortality effect on C. finmarchicus embryos is a direct result of DNA damage. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of ultraviolet-A radiation (320 to 400 nm). Calculations based upon the BWF indicate that, under current noon surface irradiance, 50% of C. finmarchicus eggs located at or very near (within 10 cm) the ocean surface will be dead after 2.5 h of exposure. Under solar spectral irradiance simulating a 20% decrease in ozone layer thickness, this time drops to 2.2 h. These are first-order estimates based upon irradiance taken at a time of day during which the values would be maximal. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relative changes in UV-B effects that will result from ozone layer depletions expected over the coming decades. It is also important to point out that variability in cloud cover, water quality, and vertical distribution and displacement within the mixed layer, can all have a greater effect on the flux of UV-B radiation to which C. finmarchicus eggs are exposed than will ozone layer depletion at these latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050546
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