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  • 1
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    Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-28
    Description: Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease. Current theory predicts that gamma oscillations are generated by synchronous activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with the resulting rhythmic inhibition producing neural ensemble synchrony by generating a narrow window for effective excitation. We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons. Here we show that light-driven activation of fast-spiking interneurons at varied frequencies (8-200 Hz) selectively amplifies gamma oscillations. In contrast, pyramidal neuron activation amplifies only lower frequency oscillations, a cell-type-specific double dissociation. We found that the timing of a sensory input relative to a gamma cycle determined the amplitude and precision of evoked responses. Our data directly support the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis and provide the first causal evidence that distinct network activity states can be induced in vivo by cell-type-specific activation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655711/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655711/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardin, Jessica A -- Carlen, Marie -- Meletis, Konstantinos -- Knoblich, Ulf -- Zhang, Feng -- Deisseroth, Karl -- Tsai, Li-Huei -- Moore, Christopher I -- R01 NS045130/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 4;459(7247):663-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08002. Epub 2009 Apr 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19396156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knock-In Techniques ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Mice ; Photic Stimulation ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/*cytology/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Delta chirality ruthenium 'light-switch complexes can bind in the minor groove of DNA with five different binding modes (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
    Description: [Ru(phen) 2 (dppz)] 2+ has been studied since the 1990s due to its ‘light-switch’ properties. It can be used as a luminescent DNA probe, with emission switched on through DNA binding. The luminescence observed is dependent on the solvent accessibility of the pyrazine nitrogen atoms, and therefore is sensitive to changes in both binding site of the cation and chromophore orientation. The compound is also chiral, and there are distinct differences between the enantiomers in terms of the emission behaviour when bound to a variety of DNA sequences. Whilst a number of binary DNA-complex X-ray crystal structures are available, most include the enantiomer and there is very little structural information about binding of the enantiomer. Here, we present the first X-ray crystal structure of a enantiomer bound to well-matched DNA, in the absence of the other, enantiomer. We show how the binding site observed here can be related to a more general pattern of motifs in the crystallographic literature and propose that the enantiomer can bind with five different binding modes, offering a new hypothesis for the interpretation of solution data.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia to marine fish and a mysid (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1990), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acute toxicity (96-hr LC50) of un-ionized ammonia to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and larval inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) was influenced by pH and salinity in a species specific manner. With mysids, NH3 was most toxic at pH 7.0 and less toxic at pH 8.0 and 9.0. In contrast, NH3 toxicity to inland silversides was greatest at pH 7.0 and 9.0 and lowest at pH 8.0. A drop in salinity from 31 g/kg to 11 g/kg uniformly increased toxicity to mysids over this pH range. In contrast, in silversides at 11 g/kg, NH3 toxicity was less at pH 7.0, greater at pH 8, and slightly less at pH 9, relative to the toxicity at 31 g/kg. Temperature had no significant effect on the acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia with acclimated mysids tested at 18, 25 and 32.5°C, but did have a small effect with acclimated larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) tested at 13, 25 and 32.5°C. The chronic toxicity value (the geometric mean of the highest no-effect concentration and lowest effect concentration) at pH 8.0, 25°C and 31 g/kg salinity is 0.061 mg NH3/L for inland silversides and 0.232 mg NH3/L for mysids; the acute: chronic ratio is 21.3 and 7.2, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059811
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  • 4
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    The acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia to marine fish and a mysid (1990)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0090-4341
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0703
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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