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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: caseins ; cattle ; fluorescencein situ hybridization ; nomenclatures ; river buffalo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mixture of five genomic clones spanning theα-S2 casein gene (CSN1S2) were mapped to river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) and cattle (Bos taurus L.) chromosomes by fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) and R-banding. Clear probe hybridization signals were detected on river buffalo chromosome 7q, band 32, and the homologous cattle chromosome. These mapping data allow the indirect assignment of the entire cattle U15 syntenic group to river buffalo chromosome 7. The assignment of U15 to river buffalo chromosome 7 is discussed in the light of chromosomal nomenclature discrepancies involving the homologous cattle chromosome.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: banding ; fluorescence in situ hybridization ; goat ; river buffalo ; sheep ; villin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two genomic clones of the villin (VIL) gene were independently hybridized on river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, BBU), sheep (Ovis aries, OAR) and goat (Capra hircus, CHI) chromosomes by using sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and R-banding (RBP- and RBA-banding). Clear hybridization signals revealed that VIL is located in BBU 2q33, OAR 2q33 and CHI 2q33. These chromosomes and chromosome bands are believed to be homologous and the VIL locus is the same as that previously found on cattle chromosome 2q43. VIL localization in these three species allows us tentatively to assign all cattle U17 to BBU and CHI 2q and to extend the physical map to OAR 2q.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Artiodactyla ; chevrotain ; comparative cytogenetics ; karyotype ; Tragulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chevrotains are small forest-dwelling ruminants of the family Tragulidae. The chromosome number of the lesser Malay chevrotain was determined to be 2n=32, NF=64. G- and Q-banding allowed the identification of homologous chromosomes, and C-banding demonstrated the presence of pericentromeric, telomeric and interstitial constitutive heterochromatin. Q-band comparisons with domestic cattle revealed relatively few monobrachial chromosome band homologies. However, the smallest biarmed autosome of the chevrotain, chromosome 15, was determined to be cytogenetically homologus with the acrocentric chromosome 19 of cattle. A molecular cytogenetic analysis confirmed this putative chromosomal homology. In fact, molecular cytogenetic analyses indicate complete conservation of synteny among mouse deer chromosome 15, domestic cattle chromosome 19, domestic pig chromosome 12 and human chromosome 17. In the light of these molecular cytogenetic data and since mouse deer chromosome 15 is submetacentric and appears homologous in banding to submetacentric chromosome 12 of the domestic pig, these outgroup comparisons indicate that the acrocentric condition of cattle chromosome 19 has been derived by inversion. Since this derivative condition is present in the Antilocapridae, Bovidae, Cervidae and Giraffidae, it is a chromosomal synapomorphy that unites these advance ruminant families within the Artiodactyla.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Artiodactyla ; Bovidae ; comparative cyto-genetics ; karyotype ; molecular cytogenetics ; nilgai
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A combination of chromosomal banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to characterize the karyotype of Boselaphus tragocamelus (nilgai) relative to the domestic cattle standard karyotype. G-, Q- and C-band karyotypes of nilgai are presented, and the chromosomal complement of nilgai is determined to be 2n = 46 (female FN = 60, male FN = 59; NAA = 56), consistent with previous reports for the species. Comparisons with cattle identified extensive monobrachial homologies with some noteworthy exceptions. Chromosome 25 is centrically fused to 24, and chromosome 16 is acrocentric. Both appear to have additional pericentromeric material not seen in the equivalent cattle acrocentrics. This pericentromeric chromatin may be the result of de novo additions or translocation of pericentromeric material from chromosome 6, which is shown to be centrically fused to 13 but is only about two-thirds the length of cattle 6. Comparisons with cattle demonstrated that nilgai chromosome 17 has undergone a paracentric inversion and that chromosome 20 has two blocks of interstitial constitutive heterochromatin. The identities of both chromosomes were confirmed by chromosomal FISH. Furthermore, chromosomal banding and FISH were used to determine that autosome 14 has been fused to the ancestral X and Y of nilgai to form compound neo-X and -Y chromosomes. Additional FISH analyses were conducted to confirm other proposed chromosome homologies and to identify nucleolar organizing regions within the nilgai complement.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: bovine ; cattle ; comparative gene mapping ; fluorescence in-situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bovine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened for the prescence of six genes (IL2RA, VIM, THBD, PLC-II, CSNK2A1 and TOP1) previously assigned to human chromosomes 10 or 20 (HSA10 or HSA20). Four of the genes were found repesented in the bovine BAC library by at least one clone. The identified BAC clones were used as probes in single-color fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the chromosomal band location of each gene. As predicted by the human/bovine comparative map and comparative chromosome painting analysis, the four genes mapped to bovine chromosome 13 (BTA13). Dual-color FISH was then used to integrate these four type I markers into the existing BTA13 genome map. These FISH results anchor the BTA13 genome map from bands 14–23, and confirm the presence of a conserved HSA10 homologous synteny group on BTA13 centromeric to a HSA20 homologous segment.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Bubalus bubalis ; chromosomes ; FISH ; river buffalo ; UMPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uridine monophosphate synthase plays an important role in pyrimidine synthesis, converting orotic acid to uridine 5′ monophosphate. In cattle,UMPS deficiency is inherited as a monogenic autosomal recessive trait. While heterozygous carriers are phenotypically normal, homozygotes are lethalin utero (Shankset al. 1992).UMPS has been mapped to human chromosome 3q13 (Qumsiyehet al. 1989), sheep chromosome 1q (Burkinet al. 1993) and cattle chromosome 1q31 (Ryanet al. 1994). In the present study we used a cattle genomic probe to localizeUMPS to river buffalo chromosomes by fluorescencein situ hybridization.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Bovidae ; comparative cytogenetics ; molecular cytogenetics ; ruminants ; sex chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Q-band comparisons were made among representative species of the four genera of the tribe Bovini (Bos, Bison, Bubalus, Syncerus) as well as to selected outgroup taxa representing the remaining two tribes of the subfamily Bovinae (nilgai, Boselaphini; eland, Tragelphini), the Bovidae subfamily Caprinae (domestic sheep) and the family Cervidae (sika deer and white- tailed deer). Extensive autosomal arm homologies were noted, but relatively few derivative character states were shared. Focus was then made on variation of the sex chromosomes and the chromosomal distribution of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). Bovine BAC clones were used in molecular cytogenetic analyses to decipher rearrangements of the sex chromosomes, and a pocket gopher 28s ribosomal probe was used to map the chromosomal locations of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). Some of the more noteworthy conclusions drawn from the comparative analysis were that: 1. The Bovidae ancestral X chromosome was probably acrocentric and similar to acrocentric X chromosomes of the Bovinae; 2. The domestic sheep acrocentric X is probably a deriative character state that unites non-Bovinae subfamilies; 3. Bos and Bison are united within the tribe Bovini by the presence of shared derivative submetacentric X chromosomes; 4. Sika and white- tailed deer X chromosomes differ by inversion from X chromosomes of the Bovinae; 5. The Bovini ancestral Y chromosome was probably a small acrocentric; 6. Bos taurus, B. gaurus and B. banteng share derivative metacentric Y chromosomes; 7. Syncerus and Bubalus are united by the acquisition of X-specific repetitive DNA sequence on their Y chromosomes; 8. Bovinae and Cervidae X chromosome centromere position varies without concomitant change in locus order. Preliminary data indicate that a knowledge of the chromosomal distribution of NORs among the Bovidae will prove to be phylogenetically informative.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Bubalus bubalis L. ; FISH ; lysozyme ; R-banding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lysozyme (LYZ) is an antibacterial enzyme which allows the digestion of bacteria present in tears and saliva. In the true stomach of ruminants LYZ breaks open the bacteria of the foregut, which are subsequently digested by typical mammalian digestive enzymes, allowing the incorporation of nutrients from the bacteria. Southern analysis with a single exon from a cow lysozyme gene revealed that there are about 10 genes in ruminants (Irwin & Wilson 1989), while pig and primates have a single lysozyme gene (Swansonet al. 1991) and camels have two (Irwinet al. 1992). The higher number ofLYZ genes in ruminants is believed to be the result of gene duplication associated with the evolution of foregut fermentation (Irwinet al. 1992). Recently, the genomic organization of the lysozyme gene family has been determined in domestic cattle, and, using a cocktail of genomic clones, the lysozyme gene cluster (LYZ@) was assigned to chromosome (Chr) 5, band 23 by fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) (Gallagheret al. 1993). In our continued effort to test the genetic homology of conserved chromosome banding regions between cattle and river buffalo, and to extend the river buffalo physical gene map, we have mapped theLYZ@ by FISH and R-banding.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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