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  • 1
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    Spectroscopy from Space (2014)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: This chapter reviews detection of materials on solid and liquid (lakes and ocean) surfaces in the solar system using ultraviolet to infrared spectroscopy from space, or near space (high altitude aircraft on the Earth), or in the case of remote objects, earth-based and earth-orbiting telescopes. Point spectrometers and imaging spectrometers have been probing the surfaces of our solar system for decades. Spacecraft carrying imaging spectrometers are currently in orbit around Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Saturn, and systems have recently visited Jupiter, comets, asteroids, and one spectrometer-carrying spacecraft is on its way to Pluto. Together these systems are providing a wealth of data that will enable a better understanding of the composition of condensed matter bodies in the solar system. Minerals, ices, liquids, and other materials have been detected and mapped on the Earth and all planets and/or their satellites where the surface can be observed from space, with the exception of Venus whose thick atmosphere limits surface observation. Basaltic minerals (e.g., pyroxene and olivine) have been detected with spectroscopy on the Earth, Moon, Mars and some asteroids. The greatest mineralogic diversity seen from space is observed on the Earth and Mars. The Earth, with oceans, active tectonic and hydrologic cycles, and biological processes, displays the greatest material diversity including the detection of amorphous and crystalline inorganic materials, organic compounds, water and water ice. Water ice is a very common mineral throughout the Solar System and has been unambiguously detected or inferred in every planet and/or their moon(s) where good spectroscopic data has been obtained. In addition to water ice, other molecular solids have been observed in the solar system using spectroscopic methods. Solid carbon dioxide is found on all systems beyond the Earth except Pluto, although CO 2 sometimes appears to be trapped in other solids rather than as an ice on some objects. The largest deposits of carbon dioxide ice are found on Mars. Sulfur dioxide ice is found in the Jupiter system. Nitrogen and methane ices are common beyond the Uranian system. Saturn’s moon Titan probably has the most complex active extra-terrestrial surface chemistry involving organic compounds. Some of the observed or inferred compounds include ices of benzene (C 6 H 6 ), cyanoacetylene (HC 3 N), toluene (C 7 H 8 ), cyanogen (C 2 N 2 ), acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), water (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and ammonia (NH 3 ). Confirming compounds on Titan is hampered by its thick smoggy atmosphere, where in relative terms the atmospheric interferences that hamper surface characterization lie between that of Venus and Earth. In this chapter we exclude discussion of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune because their thick atmospheres preclude observing the surface, even if surfaces exist. However, we do discuss spectroscopic observations on a number of the extra-terrestrial satellite bodies. Ammonia was predicted on many icy moons but is notably absent among the definitively detected ices with possible exceptions on Charon and possible trace amounts on some of the Saturnian satellites. Comets, storehouses of many compounds that could exist as ices in their nuclei, have only had small amounts of water ice definitively detected on their surfaces from spectroscopy. Only two asteroids have had a direct detection of surface water ice, although its presence can be inferred in others.
    Print ISSN: 1529-6466
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2666
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 2
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    Caspase activation precedes and leads to tangles (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-02
    Description: Studies of post-mortem tissue have shown that the location of fibrillar tau deposits, called neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), matches closely with regions of massive neuronal death, severe cytological abnormalities, and markers of caspase activation and apoptosis, leading to the idea that tangles cause neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and tau-related frontotemporal dementia. However, using in vivo multiphoton imaging to observe tangles and activation of executioner caspases in living tau transgenic mice (Tg4510 strain), we find the opposite: caspase activation occurs first, and precedes tangle formation by hours to days. New tangles form within a day. After a new tangle forms, the neuron remains alive and caspase activity seems to be suppressed. Similarly, introduction of wild-type 4-repeat tau (tau-4R) into wild-type animals triggered caspase activation, tau truncation and tau aggregation. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of a construct mimicking caspase-cleaved tau into wild-type mice led to the appearance of intracellular aggregates, tangle-related conformational- and phospho-epitopes, and the recruitment of full-length endogenous tau to the aggregates. On the basis of these data, we propose a new model in which caspase activation cleaves tau to initiate tangle formation, then truncated tau recruits normal tau to misfold and form tangles. Because tangle-bearing neurons are long-lived, we suggest that tangles are 'off pathway' to acute neuronal death. Soluble tau species, rather than fibrillar tau, may be the critical toxic moiety underlying neurodegeneration.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091360/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091360/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Calignon, Alix -- Fox, Leora M -- Pitstick, Rose -- Carlson, George A -- Bacskai, Brian J -- Spires-Jones, Tara L -- Hyman, Bradley T -- AG 026249/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG08487/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K99 AG033670/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K99 AG033670-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG008487/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG008487-18/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG026249/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG026249-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 22;464(7292):1201-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08890. Epub 2010 Mar 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism/pathology ; Caspases/*metabolism ; Cell Death ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/chemistry/enzymology/*metabolism/pathology ; Neurons/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Solubility ; Time Factors ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer simulation of the molecular structure of bituminous coal (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 6 (1992), S. 771-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00036a012
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economics of Disease-Loss Management (1976)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 14 (1976), S. 381-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.14.090176.002121
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insurance, Information, and Organizational Options in Pest Management (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 17 (1979), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.17.090179.001053
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of electron flow in extended planar-anode diode operating at 19 MV and 700 kA (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 1700-1711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron flow in a planar-anode diode having an extended anode-cathode gap operating on the HERMES III accelerator is characterized and compared with predictions of a computational model. The model combines a particle-in-cell code with Monte Carlo radiation transport. The comparisons confirm the model and show that the diode provides both a matched load and a versatile large-area source of γ rays for the study of nuclear radiation effects. Electrical and spatial parameters of the beam at the diode and the downstream radiation fields from a graphite target are presented as a function of the anode-cathode gap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345640
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operation of a bidirectional voltage-dividing bremsstrahlung diode (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 3233-3242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Operation of a new type of high-power electron diode, the bidirectional voltage-dividing (BVD) diode, has been demonstrated on a 1-MV, 2.5-MA, 20-ns accelerator. This diode consists of a forward- and an inverse-triaxial diode in series. The diode impedance and electron flow pattern agreed reasonably well with particle-in-cell code calculations. The radiation spectrum was measured using two different diagnostics, a differential absorption spectrometer and the time-projection Compton spectrometer. Operating at a voltage of 850–1000 kV, the BVD diode produced a bremsstrahlung spectrum similar to that produced by a standard diode operating at 350–500 kV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345382
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flash γ-ray detectors that operate at the tera rad/s level (abstract) : Eighth topical conference on high−temperature plasma diagnostics (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 3234-3234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: HERMES III is a 20 MV, 700 kA electron accelerator that produces an intense bremsstrahlung pulse for the study of nuclear radiation effects. We describe and characterize a Compton diode, scintillator photodiode, and Cerenkov photodiode detector that are designed to measure the radiation field of HERMES III. Our measurements and modeling show (1) that the Compton diode directly measures dose rate and is capable of linear operation up to 2.5×1012 rad/s in the near field of HERMES III, (2) the scintillator photodiode provides a sensitive measure of dose rate with high spatial resolution in the far field where dose rates are below 2×1011 rad/s, and (3) the Cerenkov photodiode can be used to place limits on the radiation pulse in the near field with high spatial resolution. We show that the measurements, when combined with the modeling, provide a powerful diagnostic for monitoring the flow of electrons at the bremsstrahlung target. This work was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-76DP00789.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141652
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A solid dielectric Compton diode for measuring short radiation pulse widths (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 3447-3451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple, rugged, and inexpensive solid dielectric Compton diode (SCD) has been developed for measuring the radiation-time history of flash x-ray sources. By limiting the physical size of the Compton diode and matching its characteristic impedance to that of the signal cable, a frequency response above 1 GHz has been achieved. The SCD has been used to measure the pulse width and rise time of HERMES III, a pulsed γ-ray simulator. A second, prototype SCD has been built for use with Saturn, a pulsed x-ray simulator. The SCDs do not have high sensitivity, and are thus limited to measurements of dose rate above 109 rads/s, due to signal-to-noise limitations. At lower dose rates, more sensitive detectors such as scintillator photodiodes or p-i-n diodes are more suitable. On the other hand, for dose rates above 1010 rads/s, the more sensitive detectors tend to saturate, while the SCD continues to respond linearly to at least 1012 rads/s. Thus, the SCD is well suited for measuring radiation-time histories at high dose rates on flash x-ray sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141600
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density functional methods as computational tools in materials design (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 1 (1994), S. 199-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Density functional theory ; Electronic structure calculation ; Parallel computing ; Clusters ; Surface adsorption and dissociation ; Defects ; Catalysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary This article gives a brief overview of density functional theory and discusses two specific implementations: a numerical localized basis approach (DMol) and the pseudopotential plane-wave method. Characteristic examples include Cu, clusters, CO and NO dissociation on copper surfaces, Li-, K-, and O-endohedral fullerenes, tris-quaternary ammonium cations as zeolite template, and oxygen defects in bulk SiO2. The calculations reveal the energetically favorable structures (estimated to be within ± 0.02 Å of experiment), the energetics of geometric changes, and the electronic structures underlying the bonding mechanisms. A characteristic DMo1 calculation on a 128-node nCUBE 2 parallel computer shows a speedup of about 107 over a single processor. A plane-wave calculation on a unit cell with 64 silicon atoms using 1024 nCUBE 2 processors runs about five times faster than on a single-processor CRAY YMP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00708710
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