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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the Calcium-Binding Echidna Milk Lysozyme at 1.9 Å Resolution (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A lysozyme isolated from the milk of a monotreme, the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus multiaculeatus, has been crystallized (space group P21, with unit-cell dimensions a = 37.1, b = 42.0, c = 38.1 Å, β = 91° and Z = 2) and the structure refined to an R value of 0.167 for all measured data in the resolution range 7.0–1.9 Å. It had previously been inferred from sequence homology with α-lactalbumins that echidna milk lysozyme (EML) would bind one calcium ion per molecule. This has been confirmed in the present study in which the largest peak in a difference Fourier synthesis is associated with a calcium ion. The calcium binding site of EML is very similar to that observed in baboon and human α-lactalbumins, and in a human lysozyme engineered to contain a calcium-binding site. The overall fold of the protein is similar to that of chick-type lysozymes. EML, like pigeon lysozyme, has only 125 residues terminating at a cysteine but in EML this forms a disulfide with a cysteine at residue 9 whereas the equivalent cysteine residue in all other lysozymes of known sequence occurs at position 6. These changes cause some minor structural rearrangements. The binding of calcium appears to have had little effect on the polypeptide backbone conformation and caused only small changes in the conformation of side chains coordinating the calcium ion. A homology modelling study [Acharya, Stuart, Phillips, McKenzie & Teahan (1994). J. Protein Chem. 13(6), 569–584] correctly predicted the overall structure of EML and the nature of its calcium binding site but generally failed to model some more subtle differences observed in the EML structure as evidenced by the fact that the homology model more closely resembles the starting structure from which the model was derived than it does the crystal structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444996015831
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the calcium-binding echidna milk lysozyme at 1.9 Å Resolution. Erratum (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 805-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Owing to a printer's error, pages 359 and 360 of this article [Guss, Messer, Costello, Hardy & Kumar (1997). Acta Cryst. D53, 355–363Acta Cryst. D53, 355–363] were incorrectly numbered and thus printed in the wrong order. Revised offprints for this paper are available through the Managing Editor, International Union of Crystallography, 5 Abbey Square, Chester CH 1 2HU, England.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444997099162
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalase Activity for Rapid Assessment of High Level Total Mesophilic Microbial Load in Milk (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Total mesophilic microbial load (APC) is an important index for milk quality. It takes 48 h to enumerate APC with conventional plating methods. This report presents a rapid catalase activity test for monitoring APC in milk. Most aerobic microorganisms have strong catalase activities. Catalase activity in milk was monitored with a Pasteur pipette method in 5 min. The correlation between high APC numbers (〉 4.0 log CFU/ml) and catalase activities was strongly correlated with r2=0.89. Classifying the APC into eight contamination groups was found to be a sound means of utilizing the resultant catalase activities to predict APC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08732.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid Enumeration of Four Indicator Microorganisms in Ground Beef Using a Freeze-dried Four-culture Method (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : A recently reported, miniaturized method can simultaneously enumerate 4 critical indicator microorganisms in 24 h on a single 96-well microtiter plate, and is a convenient monitoring system for ensuring food plant hygiene. However, the utility of this method is limited by the necessity of plates being freshly prepared prior to each use. This study was undertaken to develop a method that would permit these plates to be prepared and stored in a stable form that could be conveniently used later. A microtiter plate filled with media dedicated to enumerating 4 specific classes of bacteria was freeze-dried. A given series was dedicated to enumerating either, total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, coliform bacteria, or Escherichia coli. Freeze-dried plates were reconstituted simply by adding 100 μL of sterile water to each well. After adding samples, two-fold serial dilutions were performed, and the plate was incubated for 24 h at 32 °C. Growth of 4 indicator microorganisms was detected in each series using metabolic indicators. The numerical estimates that these procedures yielded correlated very closely with numbers gained from conventional spread-plating methods (r2 〉 0.90). Additionally, the estimates obtained from liquid media microtiter plates and freeze-dried media plates showed a significantly strong relationship (r2 〉 0.92). Analysis of commercial ground beef showed a highly associated relationship (r2 〉 0.94) between the liquid four-culture and freeze-dried four-culture plate methods. The greatly enhanced facility of using premanufactured, freeze-dried microtiter plates would make this a most convenient way to perform microbial food quality analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb09940.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of life-history strategies for a new wrasse fishery (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 41 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The variety of life-history patterns exhibited by the five species of wrasse common in Northern Europe are reviewed. The two larger wrasse species, the ballan, Labrus bergylta Ascanius, and cuckoo, Labrus mixtus (L.), are exploited through sport angling. The three smaller species, the corkwing, Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melops (L.), rock cook, Centrolabrus exoletus (L.) and goldsinny, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.), are being exploited by a new fishery for use as parasite cleaners of farmed salmon.The nature of salmon farming limits the wrasse fishery to a minimum size, restricted areas and the warmer months of the year. The fishery may be expected to alter population structure through selective removal of larger fish. Removal of dominant territorial males may affect social structures and removal of nest-guarding males would reduce egg survival. Quantitative models incorporating stock size and fishery requirements are now required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03873.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predator feeding strategy and prey importance: a new graphical analysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 36 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05601.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00508.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MINIATURIZED TWO-FOLD DILUTION METHOD FOR ENUMERATING TOTAL MICROBIAL LOAD AND COLIFORMS IN RAW MILK (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of rapid methods and automation in microbiology 10 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4581
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A rapid and simple method for enumerating total aerobic plate counts (APC) and coliforms in raw milk was developed and compared with conventional plating method. Following two-fold serial dilution of samples in a 96 well microtiter plate, double strength of two different modified media for APC or coliforms was added to each well. The final positive well (purple to yellow color) was determined and converted to dilution factors. The dilution factor of each sample was converted to Log10 DF (Dilution factors) and compared to actual microbial numbers Log10 CFU/mL. The results of 2-fold dilution method (Log10 DF) were strongly correlated to conventional plating method (Log10 CFU/mL) (P 〈 0.05). The correlation of the scatterplot of spread plating and 2-fold dilution method indicated a high level of agreement between two methods (R2= 0.921 for total counts and R2= 0.916 for forms from raw milk). This 2-fold dilution method is an easy, rapid, and economical method for enumeration of total microbial loads and coliforms in raw milk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4581.2002.tb00006.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of phosphorus in fish farm effluents to freshwater phytoplankton (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 26 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Water samples were collected from the inflow and untreated effluents of six landbased rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and Atlantic salmon, Salma salar L., farms in Ireland. These samples were analysed for general water quality, phosphorus (as total, total reactive, total soluble and soluble reactive) content, phosphatase activity and bioavailable phosphorus (BAP). The latter was determined by a phytoplankton (Selenastrum capricornutum and Oscillatoria redekei) bioassay. Nitrogen and trace elements did not appear to limit phytoplankton growth, but phosphorus did in all samples except for two taken during the cleaning of fish tanks. The growth of O. redekei and S. capricornutum was similar in almost all samples, and when significantly different, the former species showed the greater growth. The phosphorus fractions, phosphatase activity and BAP were greater in effluents compared to inflows, and BAP was greater in unfiltered than in filtered samples. Phosphatase activity was not correlated with any phosphorus fractions or BAP, and was lower than in previous studies of phosphatase activity in fresh waters. On average, 33% of total phosphorus in farm inflow water, and 82% in effluents was BAP. This may reflect that there was 12-15% more phosphorus in the reactive form in effluent than inflow samples. Total and total soluble phosphorus were significantly correlated to BAP in inflows, but no single phosphorus fraction was consistently related with BAP in all instances. Hence, in monitoring fish farm effluents, at least total phosphorus should be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1995.tb00951.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental conditions at sea-cages, and ectoparasites on farmed European sea-bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), and gilt-head sea-bream, Sparus aurata L., at two farms in Greece (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 27 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Water quality in sea-cages, and metazoan ectoparasites on bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), and bream, Sparus aurata L., were sampled at two fish farms in south-west Greece over 2 years. The seabed and marine life around the cages of one farm was surveyed using scuba. The most frequent and abundant parasites were the monogeans Sparicotyle chrysophrii and Furnestinia echeneis on the gills of bream, and Diplectanum aequans on the gills of bass. The copepod Caligus minimus occasionally occurred in the buccal cavity of bass, but only in low numbers. Prevalence and abundance of parasites increased with bass size but F echeneis levels decreased with bream size. There were no other clear relationships between water quality, parasite levels and fish size. Ammonia varied seasonally with sea temperature, and with oxygen levels below 6 mg 1-1 on many occasions, it is possible that fish suffered stress from a combination of high ammonia and low oxygen conditions. There was no accumulation of waste food or faeces below the cages at the one farm surveyed, but there were thousands of wild fish, including mullet (Mugilidae), Spicara sp. and Diplodus spp., present around the cages. Water quality may be improved by changes in farm management, such as reducing stocking densities below the present 16 kg nr-3. Oxygen should be monitored at the cages on site daily. How comparable environmental conditions and impacts, and parasitization are at other bass and bream sea cage farms is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1996.tb00963.x
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