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  • 1
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    Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing | Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Soil organic carbon sequestration has received increasing attention due to the important benefits it can have for ecosystem services and in particular food production, climate change mitigation and adaptation. Indeed, soils rich in organic carbon are, in general, more fertile and support plant growth better than carbon-depleted soils. On the other hand, management practices applied to increase soil organic carbon may have trade-offs in terms of nutrient and water requirements and greenhouse gas emissions. In this chapter, we present the biophysical and socioeconomic benefits and trade-offs of soil carbon sequestration and show that they are specific with regards to different organic matter types. We present quantitative studies demonstrating these effects with a particular focus on trade-offs in the form of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and conclude that these are crucial to accurately evaluating soil organic carbon sequestration and its contribution to climate change mitigation and other ecosystem services.
    Keywords: greenhouse gases ; water ; socioeconomy ; soil organic carbon ; soil carbon sequestration ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere::RBGB Sedimentology and pedology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVK Agronomy and crop production ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVF Sustainable agriculture ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
    Format: image/jpeg
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1069 (1991), S. 250-258 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rabbit) ; (Rat) ; Aspartic acid transport ; Brush-border membrane ; Glucose transport ; Jejunal vesicle ; Stabilization
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Existing mechanistic models of denitrification in clods of soil describe the anaerobic activity in the centres of the clods, but they neglect the role of particulate organic materials. We therefore studied the effect of particulate organic matter on denitrification in soil both under pasture and in arable cultivation. Clods were separated into two compartments: (i) particulate organic matter and adhering soil exceeding 200 μm (coated POM), and (ii) the matrix (the rest of the soil). Potential denitrification and production of CO2 were then estimated on coated POM, matrix and unfractionated soil. The quantity and the quality of coated POM were assessed individually in 100 clods from the pasture and 100 from the arable land. The rate of potential denitrification was similar in unfractionated soil from these treatments. However, it was 70 times greater in the coated POM than in the matrix from the arable soil. Production of CO2 was nine times greater in the coated POM than in the matrix from the pasture soil and 33 times greater in the arable soils. These observations were the basis for a mechanistic model of denitrification, taking into account contributions from coated POM and the matrix. Denitrification rates in a computerized representation of clods from both pasture and arable soil had approximately the same distribution as experimental data both in the matrix and coated POM contributions in the cropped soil and in the matrix alone in the pasture soil. Coated particulate organic matter can explain more than half of the denitrification and most of the variation in denitrification when it increases microbial activity sufficiently and the soil structure limits the supply of O2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Understanding the role of the soil matrix in the decomposition of soil organic matter requires an assessment of how the soil matrix controls the availability of substrate to microorganisms. We aimed to identify the sites of microbial assimilation of a decomposing substrate the initial location of which in the soil matrix was known. We incubated wheat straw doubly labelled with 13C and 15N as a single layer in the middle of a core of soil and we separated, after different times of incubation, soil layers situated at different distances from the straw. We analysed them for their 13C and 15N contents and dehydrogenase activity. The presence of the straw induced steep gradients of dehydrogenase activity in the core; the activity increased at the contact with the straw and decreased to reach the reference value between 3 and 4 mm from the straw. This stimulated microbial activity was linked with an incorporation of 13C derived from the straw in the core to approximately 4 mm from it. Nearly half of this 13C was present in the microbial biomass. Low temperature scanning electron microscopy showed that the microbial biomass was largest near the straw. The straw induced strong spatial heterogeneity of microbial activity at the millimetric scale, presumably because of diffusion of soluble compounds from the straw. This heterogeneity allowed us to identify the sites of microbial assimilation as being the soil nearest to the straw.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Gradients de carbone, d’azote et gradients microbiens induits par la décomposition de résidus végétaux dans le sol〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPour comprendre le rôle de la matrice solide du sol sur la biodégradation des matières organiques il apparaît nécessaire d’étudier comment cette matrice contrôle l’accessibilité des substrats aux microorganismes. L’objectif de ce travail était de localiser les sites d’assimilation microbienne d’un substrat de localisation initiale connue. Pour cela, nous avons incubé de la paille de blé marquée 13C et 15N en couche médiane dans une éprouvette de sol, puis séparé, après différentes durées d’incubation, des tranches de sols situées à des distances croissantes du substrat, et nous avons mesuré leur teneur en 13C, 15N et leur activité déshydrogénase. La présence de paille a induit de forts gradients d’activité déshydrogénase, maximale au contact de la paille et décroissant ensuite pour atteindre la valeur de référence entre 3 et 4 mm du lit de paille. Cette stimulation de l’activité microbienne a été expliquée par l’incorporation dans l’éprouvette de sol, de 13C provenant de la paille, dont la moitié environ était présent dans la biomasse microbienne. Des observations en microscopie électronique à balayage à basse température ont montré de très forts développements microbiens au contact de la paille. La présence localisée d’un substrat organique de type paille a donc induit une forte hétérogénéité spatiale de l’activité microbienne, à des échelles millimétriques, vraissemblablement due à la diffusion de composés organiques solubles de la paille, dans le sol. On localise ainsi les sites d’assimilation microbienne du substrat dans le sol situéà une distance de moins de 4 mm de la paille.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In southwest France, much of the forest lands on sandy Spodosols has been converted to continuous maize cropping in the last few decades. To evaluate the impacts of such change on the content and properties of the soil organic matter, we compared the amount of organic carbon and 13C natural abundance in soil and particle-size separates at three locations, selected on the basis of different contents of 0–50 μm particles (clay + silt). After three decades of cultivation, the amount of carbon from the forest pools (Cf) decreased by about 60%, attributable mainly to easily degradable material in sand-sized fractions (−70%). However, a recalcitrant residue remained in soil at a constant proportion, showing that organic matter in these fractions is heterogeneous. Organic matter in the clay + silt fraction was relatively resistant, decreasing by only 20% after 30 years of cultivation. Intensive agricultural management has homogenized the characteristics of the soil and the mineralization of the organic matter, which has resulted in a long-term convergence of organic carbon from the three locations. However, small natural variations in fine particle content were associated with significant differences in the accumulation of carbon in soil. The protective capacity of the soil depended on the proportion of clay + silt fraction, which stabilized the organic matter. Furthermore, the degree of saturation of this fraction with original carbon from forest and its rate of decomposition determined the soil's capacity to accumulate newly added carbon derived from maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Stable macroaggregates (〉 200 μm) of cultivated soils are reported in the literature to be richer in organic carbon, and in young organic carbon in particular, than microaggregates (〈 200 μm). However, the nature of this additional carbon is not yet known. To determine it, we compared the composition of organic matter in stable macroaggregates with that in unstable ones. Macroaggregates 2–3 mm in diameter were separated from two silty cultivated soils from the Paris basin. They were slaked, and the primary particle composition of the resulting fractions was analysed. We used the natural abundance of 13C to quantify the amount of young carbon, derived from a maize crop, in the various size fractions.The stable macroaggregates were richer in total C and in young C (younger than 6 and 23 years respectively in the two soils studied) than the unstable ones. This young C comprised 50% particulate organic matter, 20% associated with silt and 30% with clay particles. We propose a schematic composition of aggregates in these soils in which stable aggregates are formed by the binding of microaggregates by additional young organic matter, predominantly plant debris. Young organic matter is preferentially incorporated and is responsible for aggregation, though it is eventually redistributed among aggregate classes through the destruction and re-formation of the aggregates. We have developed a model to simulate this redistribution. The model shows that stable macroaggregates have a life of a few years, but that microaggregates may exist for decades. We suggest that the stabilization and de-stabilization of macroaggregates in soils is linked to the incorporation and biodegradation of plant debris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Current models of soil organic carbon (SOC) include a passive pool representing refractory soil organic matter (RSOM) with turnover times of hundreds to thousands of years. These models suggest that, as total soil C is depleted, it becomes proportionally enriched in RSOM. The objectives of our study were to quantify clay-associated organic matter resistant to peroxide treatment in soils presumed to have differing proportions of RSOM, hypothesizing that peroxide-resistant C in the clay fraction belongs to RSOM, and that its proportion will increase with total C depletion. Clay fractions (〈 2 µm) from three soils from a cultivation sequence, differing in the duration of cultivation, one long-term cultivated soil and one long-term bare fallow soil corresponded to samples increasingly depleted in total organic C. Samples were suspended in 30% hydrogen peroxide and treated until no changes in C concentration were observed. Total C in the clay-peroxide suspensions decreased exponentially and displayed kinetics corresponding to labile, intermediate and peroxide-resistant pools. Carbon isotope analyses showed an enrichment of 13C in samples after peroxide treatment, compared with before, that decreased from 8‰ in forest samples to 0‰ in long-term bare fallow. The proportion of peroxide-resistant C did not differ between soils and represented 12% of initial clay-associated organic C. No proportional increase with soil C depletion was observed and when expressed on a whole-soil basis, the results underestimated proposed values for the RSOM pool, suggesting that peroxide treatment may not be appropriate for the estimation of the RSOM pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 47 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Particulate organic matter (POM) is a labile fraction of soil organic matter which is thought to be physically protected from biodegradation when within soil aggregates. We have developed a fractionation method to separate POM located outside stable soil macroaggregates (〉 200 μm) and microaggregates (50–200 μm) from that within them, and applied it to a cultivation sequence of humic loamy soils. The natural abundance of 13C was used to determine the amounts of POM derived from forest and that derived from crop in the free and occluded fractions. In the forest soil the free and occluded POM fractions had the same composition, morphology and isotopic signature. On cultivation the amounts of POM decreased sharply. The loss of C in the POM from forest was mainly from POM outside the aggregates. The POM occluded within microaggregates was found to turnover slowly. This may be due either to its recalcitrant chemical nature or to its physical protection within microaggregates
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 46 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The distribution of organic matter in soil aggregates was investigated by fractionating aggregates and measuring carbon contents. The distribution of recently incorporated organic carbon was analyzed using 13C natural abundance. The soils of the experiment, which previously only had C3 vegetation, were cropped to maize, aC4 plant, for 6 or 23 years.Aggregate size distributions were determined for silty soils with different organic matter contents. Slaking-resistant macroaggregates were enriched in C as compared to dry-sieved macroaggregates or to microaggregates, and the C content increased with the size of aggregates. The δ13C value was used to calculate the amount of C3-derived and C4-derived organic carbon in the fractions. The larger carbon contents in stable macroaggregates were due to young C4-derived organic carbon (〈6 or 23 years), and we concluded that young organic matter was responsible for macroaggregate stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 1091-1093 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Giant surface acoustic wave (SAW) pulses have been generated by implementing on the surface of a solid an array of strip thermoelastic sources. It is shown experimentally, with a 16-beam pulsed YAG laser, that the delays introduced between the laser emission times allow the constructive summation of the SAW pulses. Mechanical displacements larger than 20 nm on a steel sample and 50 nm on aluminum were detected by a heterodyne optical interferometer. Examples of noncontact and nondestructive detection of thin surface breaking slots are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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