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  • 1
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    Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-12
    Description: In the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic after about 35,000 years ago, abstract or depictional images provide evidence for cognitive abilities considered integral to modern human behavior. Here we report on two abstract representations engraved on pieces of red ochre recovered from the Middle Stone Age layers at Blombos Cave in South Africa. A mean date of 77,000 years was obtained for the layers containing the engraved ochres by thermoluminescence dating of burnt lithics, and the stratigraphic integrity was confirmed by an optically stimulated luminescence age of 70,000 years on an overlying dune. These engravings support the emergence of modern human behavior in Africa at least 35,000 years before the start of the Upper Paleolithic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henshilwood, Christopher S -- d'Errico, Francesco -- Yates, Royden -- Jacobs, Zenobia -- Tribolo, Chantal -- Duller, Geoff A T -- Mercier, Norbert -- Sealy, Judith C -- Valladas, Helene -- Watts, Ian -- Wintle, Ann G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1278-80. Epub 2002 Jan 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Iziko Museums of Cape Town, South African Museum, Post Office Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. chenshilwood@iziko.org.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aluminum Silicates ; Animals ; *Archaeology ; *Behavior ; Cognition ; *Engraving and Engravings ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; South Africa ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: The conceptual ability to source, combine, and store substances that enhance technology or social practices represents a benchmark in the evolution of complex human cognition. Excavations in 2008 at Blombos Cave, South Africa, revealed a processing workshop where a liquefied ochre-rich mixture was produced and stored in two Haliotis midae (abalone) shells 100,000 years ago. Ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones, and hammerstones form a composite part of this production toolkit. The application of the mixture is unknown, but possibilities include decoration and skin protection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henshilwood, Christopher S -- d'Errico, Francesco -- van Niekerk, Karen L -- Coquinot, Yvan -- Jacobs, Zenobia -- Lauritzen, Stein-Erik -- Menu, Michel -- Garcia-Moreno, Renata -- 249587/European Research Council/International -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):219-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1211535.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Archaeology, History, Culture and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. christopher.henshilwood@ahkr.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Coloring Agents/*history ; *Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-30
    Description: Pressure flaking has been considered to be an Upper Paleolithic innovation dating to ~20,000 years ago (20 ka). Replication experiments show that pressure flaking best explains the morphology of lithic artifacts recovered from the ~75-ka Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. The technique was used during the final shaping of Still Bay bifacial points made on heat-treated silcrete. Application of this innovative technique allowed for a high degree of control during the detachment of individual flakes, resulting in thinner, narrower, and sharper tips on bifacial points. This technology may have been first invented and used sporadically in Africa before its later widespread adoption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mourre, Vincent -- Villa, Paola -- Henshilwood, Christopher S -- 249587/European Research Council/International -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):659-62. doi: 10.1126/science.1195550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INRAP Mediterranee, 561 rue Etienne Lenoir-KM Delta, 30900 Nimes, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; History, Ancient ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Pressure ; South Africa ; Technology/*history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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