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  • 1
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    Ground-truthing Electrical Resistivity Methods in Support of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Studies: Examples from Hawaii, Washington, and California (2015)
    Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-27
    Description: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important conduit that links terrestrial and marine environments. SGD conveys both water and water-borne constituents into coastal waters, where these inflows may impact near-shore ecosystem health and sustainability. Multichannel electrical resistivity techniques have proven to be a powerful tool to examine scales and dynamics of SGD and SGD forcings. However, there are uncertainties both in data aquisition and data processing that must be addressed to maximize the effectiveness of this tool in estuarine or marine environments. These issues most often relate to discerning subtle nuances in the flow of electricity through variably saturated media that can also be highly conductive ( i.e., seawater). Three contrasting field sites were examined for this study to assess the effectiveness of electrical resistivity techniques in varying coastal settings by comparing resistivity data to direct salinity and resistivity observations, quantifying changes in lithology and beach geomorphology, and fine-tuning inversion protocols. The three study sites all have substantial (up to 85 cm day –1 ) submarine groundwater discharge rates, but the hydrologic, oceanographic, and geologic characteristics of the sites are all very different. At a site in Pelekane Bay on the Big Island of Hawaii, seasonal flooding introduces very high concentrations of fine to coarse sediment into the bay. Near-shore circulation is limited in Pelekane Bay, so this newly introduced sediment can become deposited in the bay where it accumulates over time. At a site in Hood Canal, a fjord within Puget Sound, Washington, SGD rates can be high because of the large tidal range, abundant recharge, and steep hydrologic gradients. At Younger Lagoon in northern California, the flow of groundwater towards the coast is much more parsimonious, but here marine processes, including recirculated seawater, are important in controlling the flow of material towards the coast. Rigorous ground-truthing at each field site showed that multi-channel electrcial resistivity techniques can reproduce the scales and dynamics of a seepage field when such data are correctly collected, and when the model inversions are tuned to field site characteristics. Such information can provide a unique perspective on the scales and dynamics of exchange processes within a coastal aquifer—information essential to scientists and resource managers alike.
    Print ISSN: 1083-1363
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2658
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS)
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  • 2
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    Ferraioloite, MgMn2+4(Fe2+0.5Al3+0.5)4Zn4(PO4)8(OH)4(H2O)20, a new secondary phosphate mineral from the Foote mine, USA (2016)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-10
    Description: Ferraioloite, MgMn 2+ 4 (Fe 2+ 0.5 Al 3+ 0.5 ) 4 Zn 4 (PO 4 ) 8 (OH) 4 (H 2 O) 20 , is a new secondary phosphate mineral from the Foote Lithium Company mine, Kings Mountain district, Cleveland County, North Carolina, USA. The mineral was found in tiny vughs within a thin seam of very fine-grained, sugary pegmatite with vivianite, fairfieldite/messelite, phosphophyllite, scholzite/parascholzite, rittmannite, mangangordonite, kingsmountite, kastningite and metaswitzerite. Ferraioloite crystals occur as very thin greenish grey to lemon yellow plates or blades up to about 0.2 mm in length, but no more than a few μm thick. Crystals are biaxial (–), with indices of refraction α = 1.575(calc), β = 1.5825(5), = 1.5835(5), 2 V (meas.) = 40(5)°. Dispersion is weak: r 〉 v , the orientation is: X a , Y = b , Z c and pleochroism: X , Z = colourless, Y = blue grey; Y 〉 〉. X Z . The empirical formula (based on 56 O atoms pfu) is Ca 0.21 Mg 0.50 Mn 2+ 4.16 Fe 2+ 2.05 Al 3+ 2.01 Zn 4.27 P 8.00 H 43.59 O 56 . Ferraioloite is monoclinic, space group I 2/ m , with the unit-cell parameters: a = 25.333(3) Å, b = 6.299(1) Å, c = 15.161(3) Å, β = 90.93(3)° and V = 2419.0(2) Å 3 . Ferraioloite has a heteropolyhedral layer structure with layers parallel to (100) and with isolated Mg(H 2 O) 6 octahedra and water molecules packing between the layers. The heteropolyhedral slabs have the same topology as falsterite, with Mn 2+ replacing Ca 2+ and with Al 3+ substituting for Fe 3+ .
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 3
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    Kayrobertsonite, MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2{middle dot}6H2O, a new phosphate mineral related to nordgauite (2016)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-10
    Description: Kayrobertsonite, MnAl 2 (PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 ·6H 2 O, is a new secondary phosphate mineral from the Hagendorf Süd pegmatite, Hagendorf, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany and the Foote Lithium Company mine, Kings Mountain district, Cleveland County, North Carolina, USA. Kayrobertsonite crystals occur as intergrown masses of snow-white, soft, finely fibrous needles, less than 5 μm in diameter and no more than 100 μm in length. Quantitative analysis of Foote mine kayrobertsonite gave the empirical formula: Mn 0.97 Ca 0.03 Fe 0.02 Al 1.87 (PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 1.62 F 0.03 (H 2 O) 0.38 ·6H 2 O; and for Hagendorf Süd kayrobertsonite: Mn 0.92 Ca 0.06 Fe 0.02 Al 1.87 (PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 1.19 F 0.42 (H 2 O) 0.39 ·6H 2 O. Foote mine kayrobertsonite crystals are biaxial (–), with indices of refraction α = 1.530(1), β = 1.554(1), = 1.566(1), measured in white light; 2 V (meas.) is 70.3(5)°, while 2 V (calc.) is 69.6°. The mineral is nonpleochroic. The orientation of the crystals is Z c (length slow). Kayrobertsonite is triclinic, space group $$P\overline{1}$$ , with the unit-cell parameters: a = 10.049(2), b = 10.205(2), c = 6.083(1) Å, α = 91.79(3), β = 99.70(3), = 98.02(3)°, V = 607.9(2) Å 3 and Z = 2 (Foote mine). The polyhedral framework in kayrobertsonite has the same topology as that in nordgauite, but with replacement of F by OH at the bridging anion sites. The main crystal chemical change from nordgauite to kayrobertsonite is a doubling of the number of water molecules in the [001] channels.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 4
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    Transaction Costs in Payment for Environmental Service Contracts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Payment for environmental service contracts commonly require actions beyond adoption of a practice, such as undergoing specified enrollment procedures, granting consent to being monitored, and paying penalties for violations. These provisions are a bundle of attributes a landholder must accept with contract enrollment, leading to transaction costs in the contracting process. This article develops a principal–agent framework to study the links between these transaction costs and the well-known information asymmetries between the landholders and the government agency offering contracts. Using stated choice data collected from a sample of farmers, we estimate a mixed logit model to quantify the contribution of different contract attributes on contract willingness-to-accept (WTA). More stringent provisions in contracts were found to raise individual WTA by widely differing amounts across farmers, but the average effects imply that overall contract supply is sensitive to stringency. From a series of microsimulations based on the estimated model, we find that transaction costs create a significant drain on the cost-effectiveness of contracting from the agency’s point of view, similar in magnitude to the inefficiency created by hidden information. Although stringent contractual terms raise program expenditures, they may be justified if they raise compliance rates enough to offset the added cost. We also simulate an implicit frontier to trace out the change in compliance needed to justify a given increase in stringency. For environmental benefits in the range of previous estimates, this analysis suggests that stringent terms would need to substantially raise compliance rates to be cost effective.
    Keywords: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects, Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Epidermal viral immunity induced by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells but not by Langerhans cells (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: The classical paradigm for dendritic cell function derives from the study of Langerhans cells, which predominate within skin epidermis. After an encounter with foreign agents, Langerhans cells are thought to migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they initiate T cell priming. Contrary to this, we show here that infection of murine epidermis by herpes simplex virus did not result in the priming of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by Langerhans cells. Rather, the priming response required a distinct CD8alpha+ dendritic cell subset. Thus, the traditional view of Langerhans cells in epidermal immunity needs to be revisited to accommodate a requirement for other dendritic cells in this response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allan, Rhys S -- Smith, Chris M -- Belz, Gabrielle T -- van Lint, Allison L -- Wakim, Linda M -- Heath, William R -- Carbone, Francis R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1925-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, CD8/*analysis ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Cell Separation ; Chimera ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; Epidermis/*immunology ; H-2 Antigens/analysis/immunology ; Herpes Simplex/*immunology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/analysis ; Langerhans Cells/*immunology ; Lectins, C-Type/analysis ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Fighting algae in Kaneohe Bay (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goreau, Thomas J -- Smith, Jennifer E -- Conklin, Eric J -- Smith, Celia M -- Hunter, Cynthia L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 11;319(5860):157. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5860.157b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*growth & development ; *Eutrophication ; Hawaii ; Water Pollution, Chemical/*prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Investigating the Origin of Continual Radio Frequency Impulses during Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: Volcanic lightning studies have revealed that there is a relatively long lasting source of very high frequency (VHF) radiation associated with the onset of explosive volcanic eruptions that is distinct from radiation produced by lightning. This VHF signal is referred to as "continual (or continuous) radio frequency (CRF)" due to its long-lasting nature. The discharge mechanism producing this signal was previously hypothesized to be caused by numerous, small (10-100 m) leader-forming discharges near the vent of the volcano. To test this hypothesis, a multiparametric data set of electrical and volcanic activity occurring during explosive eruptions of Sakurajima volcano in Japan was collected from May-June 2015. Our observations show that a single CRF impulse has a duration on the order of 160 ns (giving an upper limit on discharge length of 10 m) and is distinct from near-vent lightning discharges that were on the order of 30 meters in length. CRF impulses did not produce discernible electric field changes and occurred in the absence of a net static electric field. Lightning mapping data and infrared video observations of the eruption column showed that CRF impulses originated from the gas-thrust region of the column. These observations indicate that CRF impulses are not produced by small, leader-forming discharges, but rather are more similar to a streamer discharge, likely on the order of a few meters in length.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy of magnetite (110) surfaces (2014)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-14
    Description: Author(s): K. Fleischer, R. Verre, O. Mauit, R. G. S. Sofin, L. Farrell, C. Byrne, C. M. Smith, J. F. McGilp, and I. V. Shvets Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) has been used to measure the optical anisotropies of bulk and thin-film Fe3O4(110) surfaces. The spectra indicate that small shifts in energy of the optical transitions, associated with anisotropic strain or electric field gradients caused by the (110) surfa... [Phys. Rev. B 89, 195118] Published Tue May 13, 2014
    Keywords: Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 9
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    1-Substituted (Dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-2-morpholino-4H-chromen-4-ones Endowed with Dual DNA-PK/PI3-K Inhibitory Activity (2013)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-02
    Description: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/jm400915j
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 10
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    Notch1 as an oncogene in advanced prostate cancer [Medical Sciences] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-19
    Description: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the primary cause of prostate cancer-specific mortality. Defining new mechanisms that can predict recurrence and drive lethal CRPC is critical. Here, we demonstrate that localized high-risk prostate cancer and metastatic CRPC, but not benign prostate tissues or low/intermediate-risk prostate cancer, express high levels of...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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