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1

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Does geographic range affect the attractant–aggregation–attachment pheromone of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum? (2000)

Sonenshine, Daniel E. ; Allan, Sandra A. ; Peter, Trevor F. ; [et al.]

Springer

Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 283-299

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ISSN: 1572-9702

Keywords: Amblyomma variegatum ; pheromone ; tick ; geographic range ; heartwater

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum, transmits heartwater in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Caribbean. This species has a broad geographic distribution, ranging from Madagascar and other islands in the Indian Ocean through most of sub-Saharan Africa, to several islands in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Blood fed male A. variegatum secrete an attraction–aggregation–attachment (AAA) pheromone which, combined with CO2, excites host finding and formation of feeding clusters of these ticks. However, it is not known whether the composition of the pheromone varies throughout A. variegatum’s geographic range. Extracts of fed male ticks were examined for phenols and volatile organic acids by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine whether differences occur in the pheromone components of populations of this species across the geographic range (Guadeloupe, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Rwanda). No significant difference in the chemical composition of the pheromone in relation to geographic range was found. No significant differences in rates of attachment in response to native versus foreign extracts were found in on-host attachment tests comparing ticks from two countries, Guadeloupe (Caribbean) and Zimbabwe (African). This finding was confirmed in more detailed studies with ticks from Guadeloupe and four African countries (Kenya, Rwanda, Zambia and Zimbabwe). On-host attachment assays from these countries did not detect consistent differences in response to extracts from different locations. In an olfactometer bioassay, females were not consistently more attracted to extracts from their native locality than from any of the foreign localities. We conclude that despite the widespread distribution of A. variegatum over both hemispheres, no significant differences in pheromone composition or biological responses to male tick pheromone secretions occur.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006479118160

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Cholesteryl esters on the body surfaces of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch, 1844) and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (1994)

Sobbhy, Hanan ; Aggour, Mohamed G. ; Sonenshine, Daniel E. ; [et al.]

Springer

Experimental and applied acarology 18 (1994), S. 265-280

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ISSN: 1572-9702

Keywords: Mounting sex pheromones ; ticks ; Hyalomma dromedanii ; Rhipicephalus sanguineus ; cholesteryl esters ; HPLS

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Cholesteryl esters were found to constitute a major component of the lipids coating the body cuticle of females of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. One or more cholesteryl esters, alone or in combination, have been shown to serve as the mounting sex pheromone of several species of ixodid ticks. Consequently, knowledge of these compounds is important for an understanding of the mating behavior of these ticks. Based on thin layer chromatography, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were the most abundant neutral lipids found on the body surfaces of fed females of these two species. Analysis using HPLC demonstrated significant quantities of the following compounds, tentatively identified as cholesteryl esters (expressed in micrograms per female equivalent), in H. dromedarii: Cholesteryl acetate 18.2; cholesteryl laurate, 6.8; cholesteryl linoleate, 24.8; cholesteryl oleate, 12.9; cholesteryl palmitate, 0.3; and cholesteryl stearate 1.7. In contrast, the same method revealed only 3 cholesteryl esters in extracts of females of R. sanguineus: Cholesteryl acetate, 2.0; cholesteryl linoleate, 8.5; and cholesteryl oleate, 3.0. In both species, two unidentified peaks, with the spectral characteristics of cholesteryl esters, were also observed. Identification of the cholesteryl esters was confirmed: by (1) positive bioassay results with conspecific (H. dromedarii) males and heterospecific (Dermacentor variabilis) males; (2) similarity of ultraviolet spectra between identified sample peaks and authentic standards; and (3) demonstration of cholesterol and the corresponding free fatty acid following enzymatic digestion of each of the HPLC-separated fractions containing the different cholesteryl esters. Comparisons with the cholesteryl ester composition of the mounting sex pheromone of other metastriate Ixodidae are discussed. These findings, along with studies reported previously, suggest that differences in the mounting sex pheromones of ixodid ticks are an important factor in minimizing heterospecific matings in nature.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00132316

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3

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Efficacy of pheromone-acaricide-impregnated tail-tag decoys for controlling the bont tick,Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), on cattle in Zimbabwe (1996)

Norval, R. A. I. ; Sonenshine, Daniel E. ; Allan, Sandra A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Experimental and applied acarology 20 (1996), S. 31-46

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ISSN: 1572-9702

Keywords: Amblyomma hebraeum ; bont ticks ; acaricides ; tick control pheromones ; tail-tag decoy

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract A large-scale field test using pheromone-acaricide-impregnated plastic tail-tag decoys demonstrated excellent efficacy of these devices for control of the bont tick,Amblyomma hebraeum, on cattle in Zimbabwe. The tail tags were impregnated with a mixture containingo-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate, 2,6-dichlorophenol and phenylacetaldehyde and one of three different acaricides (cyfluthrin, flumethrin or alphacypermethrin).o-Nitrophenol and methyl salicylate are components of theA. hebraeum attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone, while 2,6-dichlorophenol and phenylacetaldehyde are proven attractants for this tick. Botho-nitrophenol and methyl salicylate were lost gradually from the tags over 12 and 14 week periods, respectively. In field trials, tick counts were compared between cattle that received tail tags either impregnated with pheromone mixture alone, cyfluthrin and pheromone mixture, flumethrin and pheromone mixture, alphacypermethrin and pheromone mixture or were left untreated. During the first 3 month trial period, control of adult bont ticks was 94.9% with cyfluthrin tail tags and 87.5% with flumethrin tail tags. In general, there was no significant difference in bont tick numbers on cattle without tags and those with tail tags containing pheromone only. When the trial was repeated for another 3 month period, control of bont ticks with tail tags containing cyfluthrin and flumethrin was 99.3 and 95.1%, respectively. However, control of bont ticks using alphacypermethrin was only 79.2%. Overall, retention of tail tags was excellent although some loss was encountered during the rainy season. In addition to controlling bont ticks, the tail tags provided moderate control of other tick species (Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus zambeziensis andHyalomma spp.) simultaneously infesting cattle in the trials.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051475

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4

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Comparison of known and suspected pheromonal constituents in males of the African ticks,Amblyomma hebraeum Koch andAmblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (1991)

Lusby, William R. ; Sonenshine, Daniel E. ; Yunker, Conrad E. ; [et al.]

Springer

Experimental and applied acarology 13 (1991), S. 143-152

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ISSN: 1572-9702

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Three low molecular weight compounds were found in hexane: diethyl ether extracts of fed males of the African ticks,Amblyomma variegatum (tropical bont tick) andA. hebraeum (bont tick), namely,o-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate and 2,6-dichlorophenol. These same compounds were also found in a rinse of fedA. variegatum males, but were absent or present in only trace amounts in a rinse of fedA. hebraeum males.o-Nitrophenol and methyl salicylate were present in much higher concentrations (i.e., amounts/tick) inA. variegatum than inA. hebraeum. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was also more abundant inA. variegatum than inA. hebraeum, but the differences were not as great as with the former two compounds. Extraction in hexane over a 3-week period revealed four additional compounds, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzothiazole and nonanoic acid. The first three compounds were found in males of both species; nonanoic acid was found only inA. hebraeum males. Published reports consistently show strong attraction byo-nitrophenol and methyl salicylate for both sexes of the two bont tick species; 2,6-dichlorophenol and benzaldehyde have been reported to be attractive to both sexes ofA. hebraeum. The possible roles of these compounds, as well as others occasionally reported fromA. hebraeum andA. variegatum, as components of the aggregation/attachment pheromone or other pheromones is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193665

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5

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Pheromonal composition of two species of african Amblyomma ticks: similarities, differences and possible species specific components (1994)

Price, Thomas L. ; Sonenshine, Daniel E. ; Norval, R. Andrew I. ; [et al.]

Springer

Experimental and applied acarology 18 (1994), S. 37-50

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ISSN: 1572-9702

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Two species of bont ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum, common to Africa were studied to compare types and quantities of compounds known or believed to serve as components of the attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAAP). A complex of attraction, aggregation and attachment stimulating pheromone components are used by these to detect hosts, mates and, perhaps, minimize interspecific breeding. Solvent extraction of pheromone emitting ticks followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed little qualitative difference in the composition of the AAAP in these two species. However, subtle differences in the relative proportions of the pheromonal blend are noted suggesting that such differences in concentration may facilitate species-specific discrimination during aggregation and attachment. Differences in the relative abundance of benzaldchyde and methyl salicylate in the males of the two species were especially noteworthy. Possible means by which such differences in phenolic compound composition may affect the behavior of these ticks are discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051401

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