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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Karlsruhe : Selbstverlag der Universität Karlsruhe
    Associated volumes
    Call number: PIK N 456-03-0059
    In: Wissenschaftliche Berichte des Instituts für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung der Universität Karlsruhe
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Online-Ressource (231 p., 2,47 Mb.) , graphs
    Edition: [Elektronische Ressource]
    ISSN: 0179-5619
    Series Statement: Wissenschaftliche Berichte des Instituts für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung der Universität Karlsruhe FZKA 6784
    Note: Auch u.d.T.:Also: Wissenschaftliche Berichte des Instituts für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung der Universität Karlsruhe ; 30 , Auch u.d.T.:Also available as printed version , Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 2002
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1981 (1981), S. 1361-1366 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Condensed Azoles with Two Bridgehead Nitrogen AtomsThe pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazoles 4, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine 7, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,2-a]-[1,2,4]triazine 9, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,2-a]indazoles 16, 1,2,3,5-thiatriazolo[2,3-a]indazole 17 and 1,2,4-triazino[1,2-a]indazole 18 are prepared by the cycloreaction of the triazoles 1 or the triazole and indazole carboxamides 5, 6, 13, and 14 with 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dielectrophiles.
    Notes: Die Pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole4, das 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,2-b]phthalazin 7, 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,2-a]-[1,2,4]triazin 9, die 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,2-a]indazole 16, das 1,2,3,5-Thiatriazolo[2,3-a]indazol 17 und 1,2,4-Triazino[1,2-a]indazol 18 werden durch Cycloreaktion der Triazole 1 bzw. der Triazol-und Indazolcarboxamide 5, 6, 13 und 14 mit 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3- und 1,4-Dielektrophilen dargestellt.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 1775-1785 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermotropic liquid-crystalline polyesters with either 4,4″-p-terphenylylene or p-phenylene-oxyterephthaloyloxy-p-phenylene as mesogenic units and dimethylsiloxane spacers in the main chain were synthesized. The thermal behaviour was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The polymers show mainly smectic mesomorphism. The transition temperatures were found to be much lower than in the corresponding polyesters containing polymethylene or poly(oxyethylene) spacers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-03-12
    Description: Earthquakes occurring close to hydrocarbon fields under production are often under critical view of being induced or triggered. However, clear and testable rules to discriminate the different events have rarely been developed and tested. The unresolved scientific problem may lead to lengthy public disputes with unpredictable impact on the local acceptance of the exploitation and field operations. We propose a quantitative approach to discriminate induced, triggered and natural earthquakes, which is based on testable input parameters. Maxima of occurrence probabilities are compared for the cases under question, and a single probability of being triggered or induced is reported. The uncertainties of earthquake location and other input parameters are considered in terms of the integration over probability density functions (pdf). The probability that events have been human-triggered/induced is derived from the modeling of Coulomb stress changes and a rate and state dependent seismicity model. In our case a 3D boundary element method has been adapted for the nuclei of strain approach to estimate the stress changes outside the reservoir, which are related to pore pressure changes in the field formation. The predicted rate of natural earthquakes is either derived from the background seismicity or, in case of rare events, from an estimate of the tectonic stress rate. Instrumentally derived, seismological information on the event location, source mechanism and the size of the rupture plane is of advantage for the method. If the rupture plane has been estimated, the discrimination between induced or only triggered events is theoretically possible if probability functions are convolved with a rupture fault filter. We apply the approach to three recent main-shock events: (1) the M w 4.3 Ekofisk 2001, North Sea earthquake close to the Ekofisk oil field, the 2004 M w 4.4 Rotenburg, Northern Germany earthquake in the vicinity of the Söhlingen gas field, and the M w 6.1 Emilia 2012, Northern Italy earthquake in the vicinity of a hydrocarbon reservoir. The three test cases cover the complete range of possible causes: clearly “human-induced”, “not even human-triggered” and a third case in-between both extremes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1975-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-1101
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2405
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1956-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-06-06
    Description: Key Points B-cell lymphomas with surface nucleolin-Fas complexes are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis through decreased ligand binding. Expression of nucleolin protects mice from a lethal agonistic Fas challenge, whereas a non-Fas binding nucleolin mutant does not.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-11-16
    Description: Abstract 2406 The death receptor Fas has a key role in mediating homeostasis, elimination of defective cells and more recently promotion of cancer. Many effective anti-cancer therapies depend on Fas-mediated apoptosis to eradicate tumor cells and ineffective Fas- apoptotic signaling is a basis for primary as well as acquired resistance to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that Fas is subjected to direct regulation and inhibition of Fas attained by cancer cells and may explain the emergence of chemoresistance. To screen for potential binding modulators of Fas, we analyzed lymphoma cells for Fas binding proteins. We first purified Fas associated proteins by using activating CH-11 antibody bound to intact BJAB cells. After immunoprecipitation, any remaining Fas, considered activation–resistant, was subjected to the second immunoprecipitation with Fas antibody B-10 followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy. This purification scheme identified high scoring peptides derived from nucleolin, a nuclear protein known to be overexpressed in cancer. Nucleolin is selectively expressed on the surfaces of cancer cells and blood vessels undergoing angiogenesis. In a cell culture system, we confirmed binding of nucleolin to Fas and the presence of nucleolin-Fas complexes on the surface of lymphoma cells by surface biotin labeling. Using deletion mutants of nucleolin, we identified RNA binding domain 4 and glycine/arginine rich region to be required for the binding to Fas. BJAB cells with partially knockdown (KD) nucleolin showed significantly higher rates of apoptosis in response to stimulation with CH-11 and FasL when compared to nontarget KD controls. Importantly, the lower levels of nucleolin in knockdown cells did not affect total and surface Fas expression. Nucleolin present on the cell surface prevented binding of FasL and CH-11 to the receptor and thus provides a mechanism for blocking activation of Fas apoptosis. To examine the role of nucleon in vivo, we transfected mice with nucleolin-expressing plasmids using the hydrodynamic transfection method. The mice overexpressing nucleolin showed significantly higher survival rates than vector control transfected mice (P=.01) after a challenge with a lethal dose of agonistic anti-Fas antibody. We next examined the expression of nucleolin in human lymphomas. Cell lines derived from lymphomas of different histological types consistently expressed nucleolin protein. We found nucleolin expressed on the surface of cells in over 20 primary lymphoma isolates, whereas peripheral blood lymphocytes showed low or undetectable levels. Lymphoma tissue microarray staining showed a correlation between nucleolin and Ki-67 expression. Whether nucleolin expression also correlates with adverse clinical features in lymphoma is currently under evaluation. Taken together, we show here that the known cancer associated protein nucleolin is overexpressed on surface of lymphoma cells where it binds to Fas receptor and blocks Fas signaling and apoptosis. We expect that further analysis of nucleolin properties will reveal how Fas-nucleolin interaction can be targeted to enhance killing of cancer cells leading eventually to cell surface nucleolin targeting therapy. Disclosures: Fayad: Roche: Research Funding.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-11-15
    Description: Introduction The death receptor Fas is responsible for cell homeostasis, elimination of defective cells, and more recently promotion of cancer. Many effective anti-cancer therapies depend on Fas-mediated apoptosis to eradicate tumor cells and ineffective Fas- mediated apoptosis is a recognized basis for primary and acquired resistance to chemotherapy. Impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis is associated with poor clinical outcome and chemoresistance in patients with lymphoma. Evasion of immune surveillance and resistance in Fas apoptosis occur in part through interference with FasL binding either by Fas binding proteins (nucleolin and human herpesvirus 8 K1) or by release of soluble Fas (sFas), which is produced by skipping of exon 6. The first intron of Fas pre-mRNA contains a long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) termed FAS-AS1 implicated in gene expression. The presence of sFas in serum is associated with poor clinical outcome of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). However, the mechanisms that control Fas alternative splicing are incompletely understood. Methods/Results The levels of FAS-AS1 lncRNA are suppressed in primary NHL and B-cell lymphoma cell lines and inversely correlate with production of sFas. ChiP assay revealed hyper- methylation of FAS-AS1 promoter that is responsible for the reduced expression of FAS-AS1 lncRNA. Histone methyltransferase EZH2 is responsible for transcriptional repression via trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3. EZH2-mediated hyper-methylation of the FAS-AS1 promoter correlated with production of sFas, which was reversed by the ectopic expression of FAS-AS1 or pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 by DZNep. Inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity elevated FAS-AS1 lncRNA levels and promoted its binding to RBM5 in RNA-Immunoprecipitation assay. Sequestering RBM5 by FAS-AS1 lncRNA inhibited RBM5-mediated skipping of exon 6 and thus sFas production. Decreased production of sFas was accompanied by increased levels of surface Fas and FasL binding in lymphoma cell lines that translated into enhanced Fas-mediated apoptosis. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is important for B cell receptor signaling and was proposed and demonstrated to be a feasible target for lymphoma treatment. BTK inhibitor ibrutinib decreased levels of EZH2 and RBM5 and correspondingly decreased levels of sFas and enhanced Fas-mediated apoptosis. Conclusion Taken together, we show here for the first time that the FAS-AS1 intronic lncRNA negatively regulates production of sFas. The oncogenic proteins EZH2 and RBM5, overexpressed in lymphoma cells, cooperate to produce sFas through down regulation of FAS-AS1 expression and stimulation of skipping of exon 6 with production of sFas. Targeting of EZH2 by DZNep and ibrutinib reduces sFas expression and sensitizes cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. We anticipate that these drugs will play a key role in effective therapy regimens by enhancing Fas-signaling and account in part for the enhanced chemotherapy responses in hematologic malignancies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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