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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Estimation of areal evapotranspiration : proceedings of an international workshop held during the XIXth general assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 9 - 22 August 1987 (1989)
    Wallingford : IAHS Pr., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK N 454-01-0373 ; MOP 47529 / Mitte
    In: IAHS publication
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV,290 S. , graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 094757171X
    Series Statement: IAHS publication 177
    URL: http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/177.htm
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annual cycles of water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 2 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Water vapour and CO2 fluxes were measured using the eddy correlation method above and below the overstorey of a 21-m tall aspen stand in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). Measurements were made at the 39.5-m and 4-m heights using 3-dimensional sonic anemometers (Kaijo-Denki and Solent, respectively) and closed-path gas analysers (LI-COR 6262) with 6-m and 4.7-m long heated sampling tubing, respectively. Continuous measurements were made from early October to mid-November 1993 and from early February to late-September 1994. Soil CO2 flux (respiration) was measured using a LI-COR 6000-09 soil chamber and soil evaporation was measured using Iysimetry.The leaf area index of the aspen and hazelnut understorey reached 1.8 and 3.3, respectively. The maximum daily evapotranspiration (E) rate was 5–6 mm d−1. Following leaf-out the hazelnut and soil accounted for 22% of the forest E. The estimated total E was 403 mm for 1994. About 88% of the precipitation in 1994 was lost as evapotranspiration.During the growing season, the magnitude of half-hourly eddy fluxes of CO2 from the atmosphere into the forest reached 1.2 mg CO2 m−2 s−1 (33 μmol C m−2 s−1) during the daytime. Downward eddy fluxes at the 4-m height were observed when the hazelnut was growing rapidly in June and July. Under well-ventilated night-time conditions, the eddy fluxes of CO2 above the aspen and hazelnut, corrected for canopy storage, increased exponentially with soil temperature at the 2-cm depth. Estimates of daytime respiration rates using these relationships agreed well with soil chamber measurements. During the 1994 growing season, the cumulative net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was -3.5 t C ha−1 y−1 (a net gain by the system). For 1994, cumulative NEE, ecosystem respiration (R) and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP = R - NEE) were estimated to be -1.3, 8.9 and 10.2 t C ha−1 y−1 respectively. Gross photosynthesis of the hazelnut was 32% of GEP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00074.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate and vegetation controls on boreal zone energy exchange (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The boreal forest, one of the world's larger biomes, is distinct from other biomes because it experiences a short growing season and extremely cold winter temperatures. Despite its size and impact on the earth's climate system, measurements of mass and energy exchange have been rare until the past five years. This paper overviews results of recent and comprehensive field studies conducted in Canada, Siberia and Scandinavia on energy exchanges between boreal forests and the atmosphere.How the boreal biosphere and atmosphere interact to affect the interception of solar energy and how solar energy is used to evaporate water and heat the air and soil is examined in detail. Specifically, we analyse the magnitudes, temporal and spatial patterns and controls of solar energy, moisture and sensible heat fluxes across the land–atmosphere interface. We interpret and synthesize field data with the aid of a soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model, which considers the coupling of the energy and carbon fluxes and nutrient status.Low precipitation and low temperatures limit growth of many boreal forests. These factors restrict photosynthetic capacity and lower root hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance of the inhabitant forests. In such circumstances, these factors interact to form a canopy that has a low leaf area index and exerts a significant resistance to evaporation. Conifer forests, growing on upland soils, for example, evaporate at rates between 25 and 75% of equilibrium evaporation and lose less than 2.5 mm day−1 of water. The open nature of many boreal conifer forest stands causes a disproportionate amount of energy exchange to occur at the soil surface. The climatic and physiological factors that yield relatively low rates of evaporation over conifer stands also cause high rates of sensible heat exchange and the diurnal development of deep planetary boundary layers. In contrast, evaporation from broad-leaved aspen stands and fen/wetlands approach equilibrium evaporation rates and lose up to 6 mm day−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06014.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of climatic variability on the annual carbon sequestration by a boreal aspen forest (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Global change biology 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: To evaluate the carbon budget of a boreal deciduous forest, we measured CO2 fluxes using the eddy covariance technique above an old aspen (OA) forest in Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1994 and 1996 as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). We found that the OA forest is a strong carbon sink sequestering 200 ± 30 and 130 ± 30 g C m–2 y–1 in 1994 and 1996, respectively. These measurements were 16–45% lower than an inventory result that the mean carbon increment was about 240 g C m–2 y–1 between 1919 and 1994, mainly due to the advanced age of the stand at the time of eddy covariance measurements. Assuming these rates to be representative of Canadian boreal deciduous forests (area ≈ 3 × 105 km2), it is likely they can sequester 40–60 Tg C y–1, which is 2–3% of the missing global carbon sink.The difference in carbon sequestration by the OA forest between 1994 and 1996 was mainly caused by the difference in leaf emergence date. The monthly mean air temperature during March–May 1994, was 4.8 °C higher than in 1996, resulting in leaf emergence being 18–24 days earlier in 1994 than 1996. The warm spring and early leaf emergence in 1994 enabled the aspen forest to exploit the long days and high solar irradiance of mid-to-late spring. In contrast, the 1996 OA growing season included only 32 days before the summer solstice. The earlier leaf emergence in 1994 resulted 16% more absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and a 90 g C m–2 y–1 increase in photosynthesis than 1996. The concomitant increase in respiration in the warmer year (1994) was only 20 g C m–2 y–1. These results show that an important control on carbon sequestration by boreal deciduous forests is spring temperature, via the influence of air temperature on the timing of leaf emergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00201.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer conductance in second growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)Franco) canopies (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The internal conductance from intercellular spaces to the sites of carboxylation (gi) has only been measured in a few tree species and not in conifers, despite the fact it may impose a large limitation on photosynthesis. The present study provides the first estimates of gi for a coniferous species, and examines variation in gi with height and its relationships to anatomical, biochemical and physiological traits. Measurements were made on upper and lower canopy current-year needles of 50-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Needle thickness and specific leaf area decreased by 30% from the top to bottom of the canopy. These anatomical/morphological changes were accompanied by modest variation in allocation of N to chlorophyll and the chlorophyll a/b ratio. Allocation of N to Rubisco did not vary with height, but the ratio of Rubisco to chlorophyll did owing to the aforementioned changes in allocation to chlorophyll. The value of gi was estimated in one tree from concurrent measurements of carbon isotope discrimination and net photosynthesis. To examine the variation in gi among trees a second independent method based on day respiration and the difference between the chloroplastic and intercellular photocompensation points (photocompensation point method) was used. Estimates of gi obtained by the two methods agreed well with values varying between 0.14 and 0.20 mol m−2 s−1. It is estimated that gi limits photosynthesis by approximately 20% as compared to an approximately 30% stomatal limitation (under well-watered conditions). The value of gi scaled approximately with maximum rates of photosynthesis, which were significantly greater in upper canopy needles. Nevertheless, gi did not vary significantly with canopy height, owing to greater variability in gi than photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01044.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To eliminate the confusion in the definition of leaf area index (L) for non-flat leaves, the projection coefficients of several objects including spheres, cylinders, hemicircular cylinders, and triangular and square bars are investigated through mathematical derivation and numerical calculation for a range of ellipsoidal angular distributions. It is shown that the projection coefficient calculated based on half the total intercepting area is close to a constant of 0.5 when the inclination angle of the objects is randomly (spherically) distributed, whereas the calculated results based on the object's largest projected area are strongly dependent on the shape of the objects. Therefore, it is suggested that the leaf area index of non-flat leaves be defined as half the total intercepting area per unit ground surface area and that the definition of L based on the projected leaf area be abandoned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00992.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the canopy resistance of a Douglas-fir forest (1976)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 10 (1976), S. 475-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The physiological nature of canopy resistance was studied by comparing the stomatal and canopy resistance of a 10-m high Douglas-fir forest. Stomatal resistance of the needles was measured using porometry, while the canopy resistance was calculated using energy balance/Bowen ratio measurements of evapotranspiration. A typical steady increase in the forest canopy resistance during daytime hours, even at high soil water potentials, was observed. A similar trend in the stomatal resistance indicated that increasing canopy resistance during the daytime was caused by gradually closing stomata. During a dry period when soil water potentials declined from 0 to −10.5 bars, the mean daytime value of canopy resistance increased in proportion to the mean daytime value of the stomatal resistance. Values of canopy resistance calculated from stomatal resistance and leaf area index measurements agreed well with those calculated from energy balance measurements. The dependences of stomatal resistance on light, vapour pressure deficit, twig and soil water potentials art summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225866
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical determination of the surface energy balance and thermal regimes of bare soils (1985)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 33 (1985), S. 313-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analytical theory that determines the thermal regimes in the soil and the thermal and moisture regimes in the atmosphere for bare surfaces is derived. Both soil and atmospheric thermal properties are assumed to be power functions of depth and height, respectively. Evaporation is determined using a surface resistance to vapour flow. Fourier superposition is used to represent nonsinusoidal variations in time due to effects such as variable cloud cover. The theory is in acceptable agreement with micrometeorological measurements made at two bare soil sites of contrasting surface bulk density. It is concluded that the surface resistance model for evaporation is applicable to bare soils which remain wet at depth, particularly if their surface is loosened. The theory is used to predict the diurnal thermal regimes of saturated and dry sand, loam, and peat soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116682
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Psychrometric apparatus for Bowen-ratio determination over forests (1971)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 2 (1971), S. 246-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The psychrometric apparatus design for Bowen ratio determination reported previously by Sargeant and Tanner was modified and a new apparatus built. Modification of the intake design improved the symmetry and rigidity of the sensor mounting. Wet- and dry-bulb differences were measured with an error less than 0.01 °C over a vertical distance of 1 m. Continuous measurements of the Bowen ratio over a 7.8-m Douglas fir forest were made for 6 weeks. An example of the energy balance for the forest for one day using this equipment is reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192133
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Average Bowen-ratio methods of calculating evapotranspiration applied to a Douglas fir forest (1972)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 2 (1972), S. 466-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Daily evapotranspiration from a Douglas fir forest was calculated using Webb's average Bowen-ratio method. Webb's method is generalized to include the effects of the diabatic wind profile. Over a 17-day period characterized by light winds, the modified Webb method agreed with the daily totals of half-hour energy balance calculations to within 1 1/2 % on the average, while Webb's method overestimated by 26 % on the average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00821549
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