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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 358 (1997), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The binding structure in the interface region oxide film/polymer has been investigated by means of XPS and is correlated with the adhesion obtained by a Pull Test. Polycarbonate (PC) and diethyleneglycol-bisallylcarbonate (CR39) are employed as substrate and SiOxCyHz-films are deposited by using a pulsed microwave plasma deposition process (PICVD). Best adhesion is obtained by pretreatment of the substrate surface with an O2-plasma which increases the O/C ratio, in combination with a PICVD-process with low precursor content.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Communications 30 (1979), S. 641-644 
    ISSN: 0038-1098
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 199 (1967), S. 88-93 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geiger-counters with low filling pressure can be used for the registration of ions. The probability of registration of a counter filled with iodine vapor is studied for rare gas-ions and alkali-ions in the energy-range of 0.3 to 3.0 keV. All ions used are found to be registrated at least with a probability of 90%, if they got an energy of 1.8 keV.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 341 (1991), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The transmission of an electron energy analyzer depends on the parameters of operation. Therefore the intensity ratios of the ESCA peaks within a spectrum vary with the values of pass energy, angular acceptance, and analysis area chosen by the operator. A simple correction is possible if the transmission does not directly depend on the kinetic energy of the electrons, but is a function of the retardation ratio only. Then it is sufficient to determine the transmission once with an arbitrary sample within the range of retardation ratios and instrumental parameters of interest. After correction of the spectra with this function, quantitative evaluation may be performed by means of sensitivity factors which do not depend on the instrument and its operation mode any more.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 329 (1987), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The analysis of features smaller than 0.5 mm (Small Spot XPS, SSXPS) is a relatively new field for XPS. Quantitative analysis of practical samples requires a number of properties in addition to just a small analysis area: the size of the analyzed spot and its position have to be independent of electron energy and analyzer resolution; the transmission function of the spectrometer has to be well defined. The same features have to hold for standard XPS with a larger analysis region. The accordingly designed intake lens of the LH SSXPS system fulfills the requirements. The lens system has constant magnification, independent of the retarding factor. The position of the analysis region is kept energy-independent by carefully eliminating all electromagnetic fields. Size and position of the analyzed spot were checked both with a scanning electron beam, and with the XPS signal when moving a Cu/Ag knife edge across the viewed area. The Ag knife edge shows a spatial resolution of 250 μm (±σ value) in all directions. For electron energies higher than 300 eV the position remains constant within ±15 μm. Over a wide range of kinetic energies and analyzer resolutions, a simple transmission function is found. The intensity loss caused by area reduction is compensated, to a great portion, by using a newly developed multichannel detector (18 channel).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 314 (1983), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 333 (1989), S. 535-539 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The nature and origin of harmful surface contaminants of spent Pt-10%Rh catalyst gauzes was determined by HR-SEM, ESCA, SIMS and XRD. Based on the analytical results the degree of surface contamination could be greatly reduced. Together with an appropriate optimization of several process-parameters the effective life time of the Pt-Rh catalyst could be significantly improved.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 346 (1993), S. 104-109 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Line broadening, induced by differential charging under monochromated X-radiation, makes it difficult to separate adjacent chemical states in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on insulators, particularly polymers. Electron flood guns, floating filaments, standard X-ray sources, UV lamps, grids and combinations of these have been used to eliminate or minimize the line broadening. Low dose, wide area X-ray irradiation before the measurement, plus a hot filament grounded at its positive lead and shielded by an LN2-cooled copper foil, yields excellent results. Once the optimum geometrical arrangement has been found for sample surface, shield and filament, no bias voltage on the shield or other electrode is required. The same filament emission current, plus the same cooling power, reproduces routinely a FWHM (full-width-at-half-maximum) of 0.9 eV on solid PMMA [poly(methyl methyl-acrylate)] or PET [poly(ethylene terephthalate)]; this has been shown to be optimum for all other insulators investigated so far. More than 6 h of continuous filament operation does not result in any alteration of the sample by radiation or contamination. There are indications that the system also works for nonmonochromated XPS and for tilt experiments.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 319 (1984), S. 611-615 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Oberflächenanalyse liefern die Meßverfahren XPS, UPS, AES bzw. SAM, SIMS und ISS komplementäre Informationen über die Probe. Man sucht deshalb mehrere Methoden in einem Vakuumsystem zu kombinieren. Sogar gleichzeitige Untersuchungen mit SIMS-AES (bzw. SAM), SIMS-ISS oder SIMS-XPS sind möglich, wenn die Probenposition für die verschiedenen Methoden nicht verändert werden muß. Mit Multimethoden-Systemen lassen sich außerdem eventuelle Veränderungen der Probe durch ein Verfahren mit einer anderen zerstörungsarmen Methode, speziell XPS, nachweisen und quantitativ erfassen. Beispiele zeigen die Probenveränderung unter Elektronen- und Ionenbeschuß. Die Probenveränderung bleibt gering, die Messung wird als „statisch“ bezeichnet, wenn bei der Bestrahlung durch die anregenden Primärpartikel deren „kritische Dosis“ nicht überschritten wird. Bei Kenntnis der Ausbeute an nachzuweisenden Sekundärpartikeln je Primärteilchen, des Signal/Untergrund-Verhältnisses und der Transmission des Analysators läßt sich nach den Gesetzen der Statistik der kleinste statisch analysierbare Probenbereich berechnen, wenn die Nachweisgrenze oder die Meßgenauigkeit bei bekannter kritischer Primärteilchendosis vorgegeben wird. Entsprechende Formeln, die für alle aufgeführten Verfahren gültig sind, werden hergeleitet. Beispiele für AES werden aufgeführt.
    Notes: Summary In surface analysis XPS, UPS, AES resp. SAM, SIMS and ISS provide complementary information about the samples. A system combining different methods in one vacuum system therefore offers several advantages. Simultaneous SIMS-AES (resp. SAM), SIMS-ISS or SIMS-XPS analyses are possible in cases where the sample can remain in the same position for the paired methods. In multimethod systems a non-destructive method, particularly XPS, can be used to detect and quantitatively record possible changes in the composition of the sample caused by one of the other methods. The examples given show the decomposition of samples caused by electron and ion bombardement. The degree of sample decomposition is considered to be low and the measurement can be described as “static”, if the radiation by the primary particles does not exceed the “critical dose”. Knowing the yield of secondary particles to be analysed, the signal-to-background ratio and the transmission of the analyser, it is possible to calculate the smallest area that can be statically analysed by applying the rules of statistics, if the required detection limit or measuring accuracy is given for a known critical primary particle dose. Formulae, applicable to all methods, have been derived. Examples are given for AES and SAM, respectively.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 319 (1984), S. 731-731 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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