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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of drying and processing red clover on the digestion of the energy and nitrogen moieties in the alimentary tract of sheep (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of artificial dehydration and processing of red clover on nutrient digestion and absorption has been studied with sheep. A total of three diets were fed, each at an intake of 900 g DM d-1; comprising frozen (to represent fresh control), wafered and pelleted red clover.Dehydration caused small depressions in energy and N digestibility. Grinding and pelleting had no further effect, although both treatments reduced the amount of energy digestion occurring in the rumen, frozen 63, dried 60, pelleted 48 MJ per 100 MJ digestible energy. Digestion of energy in the caecum and colon was increased on both dried diets, and in the small intestine on the pelleted diet.Almost 40% of the extra duodenal energy on the pelleted diet was due to increased cellulose flow, with only 79% of digestible cellulose being digested in the rumen compared with 96% on the other two diets. There was an associated decrease in ruminal volatile fatty acid production of approx. 20%. Approximately half of the extra energy was due to an elevated flow of protein on the pelleted diet, but this increase was not reflected in amino acid absorption due to a reduced efficiency with the dried diets (frozen 72%, dried diets 54%).The results demonstrate that dehydration and processing of red clover can markedly influence nutrient digestion and supply and thus offer attractive means of improving the nutritive value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1981.tb01557.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of diets based on maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity and fed to steers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 60 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Advancing maize crop maturity is associated with changes in ear-to-stover ratio which may have consequences for the digestibility of the ensiled crop. The apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention of three diets (Early, Mid and Late) containing maize silages made from maize of advancing harvest date [dry matter (DM) contents of the maize silages were 273, 314 and 367 g kg−1 for the silages in the Early, Mid and Late diets respectively], together with a protein supplement offered in sufficient quantities to make the diets isonitrogenous, were measured in six Holstein–Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin square design with four periods. Dry-matter intake of maize silage tended to be least for the Early diet and greatest for the Medium diet (P = 0·182). Apparent digestibility of DM and organic matter did not differ between diets. Apparent digestibility of energy was lowest in the Late diet (P = 0·057) and the metabolizable energy concentrations of the three silages were calculated as 11·0, 11·1 and 10·6 MJ kg−1 DM for the Early, Medium and Late diets respectively (P = 0·068). No differences were detected between diets in starch digestibility but the number of undamaged grains present in the faeces of animals fed the Late diet was significantly higher than with the Early and Mid diets (P = 0·006). The apparent digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre of the diets reduced significantly as silage DM content increased (P = 0·012) with a similar trend for the apparent digestibility of acid-detergent fibre (P = 0·078). Apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) was similar for the Early and Mid diets, both being greater than the Late diet (P = 0·035). Nitrogen retention did not differ between diets. It was concluded that delaying harvest until the DM content is above 300 g kg−1 can negatively affect the nutritive value of maize silage in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2005.00477.x
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  • 3
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    The digestion of frozen and dried grass by sheep (1976)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976-06-01
    Description: SummaryS. 24 perennial ryegrass, containing 2·9 g nitrogen/100 g D.M.〉, was conserved by freezing (to represent the fresh material) or by drying. Three dehydration treatments were imposed, comprising low temperature (inlet temperature 145 °C) high temperature (inlet temperature 900 °C) or oven drying (100 °C for 18 h) and in addition part of the high temperature dried grass was treated with formalin (1 g/100 g crude protein) prior to feeding.The digestion of the energy and nitrogen components of all diets was investigated using sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.Dehydration and formalin of the grass reduced nitrogen solubility and apparent energy and nitrogen (P 〈 0·001) digestibilities but led to increased quantities of nitrogen entering the small intestine (P 〈 0·01) compared with the frozen diet. A significant relationship describing nitrogen transformations was established: Y = 165–1·13X (r = –0·98, P 〈 0·001), where Y is g nitrogen entering the small intestine per 100 g N consumed and X is dietary nitrogen solubility. All dried diets showed increased losses of nitrogen within the small intestine compared with the frozen diet, the largest values being observed on the oven-dried and formalin-treated diets.Neither total VFA production within the rumen nor overall cellulose digestibility was influenced by dehydration, but on the formalin-treated diet there was a marked shift of cellulose digestion from the rumen to the caecum and colon compared with the other diets, associated presumably with the large reduction in protein solubility on this diet.Dehydration improved the efficiency of conversion of ruminally digested energy to VFA energy within the rumen, and in relation to the nature of the total absorbed nutrients a significant relationship was established:Y = 30·97–0·22X (r = –0·98; P 〈 0·001),where Y is g digestible crude protein lost in the total intestines per 100 g digestible organic matter intake and X is dietary nitrogen solubility.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 4
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    The influence of formic acid and formaldehyde additives and type of harvesting machine on the utilization of nitrogen in lucerne silages: 2. Changes in amino-acid composition during ensiling and their influence on nutritive value (1978)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-12-01
    Description: SummaryLucerne was made into ten silages using either a flail or a precision-chop harvester with application of formaldehyde or a range of rates of formic acid during harvesting. Amino-acid analyses were done on the silages and on samples taken from the herbage at ensiling.In excess of 70% of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine were destroyed in untreated silages when a flail harvester was used and in excess of 50% when a precision-chop harvester was used. Glycine, leucine, iso-leucine, valine and methionine showed little change, with net losses or increases of up to 10%, whilst proline, cystine + cysteine and phenylalanine were intermediate between these two categories. Net synthesis of alanine and α and γ amino-butyric acids occurred in the untreated silages. Increasing rates of formic acid addition, and the use of the precision-chop harvester, reduced the loss of the amino acids which were extensively degraded in the untreated silages and minimized the increases in alanine and α and γ amino-butyric acids. Formaldehyde treatment also reduced amino-acid degradation, apart from apparently high losses of lysine, histidine and tyrosine. It was concluded, however, that these losses arose through problems of estimation in formaldehyde-treated silages following HCl hydrolysis.It is suggested that the most probable precursors for alanine and α and γ aminobutyric acids were respectively aspartic acid, threonine and glutamic acid. Voluntary intake and the utilization of silage nitrogen by young sheep were related to the net changes in amino acids involved in decarboxylation reactions, the best measures of this being the interconversions involving the formation of alanine and α and γ aminobutyric acids. Deamination reactions appeared to be of much less importance in limiting silage nutritive value than those involving decarboxylation.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    Manipulation of rumen fermentation in sheep by increasing the rate of flow of water from the rumen (1975)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975-08-01
    Description: SUMMARYThe effects of an altered rumen dilution rate (D) upon the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen liquor, VFA production rate, microbial protein synthesis and carbohydrate digestion within the rumen were studied using adult wether sheep.Dilution rate and VFA proportions were unaltered by the infusion of up to 121 water/day into the rumen of sheep fed dried grass and concentrate (9:1). There was a small but significant (P 〈 0·05) increase in the rumen volume when the infusion rate was increased from 8 to 12 1/day.The intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva (41/day), or artificial saliva containing 4% or 8% w/v polyethylene glycol (PEG) caused a significant increase in D with an associated decline in the molar proportion of propionate (Pr) in the rumen liquor. A similar effect was obtained with the intraruminal infusion of 2·5% w/v sodium bicarbonate. The overall regression of Pr on D was highly significant: Pr = 32·5–82·1D; r = –0·99, P 〈 0·001.A diet of flaked maize: dried grass (6:4) was offered to three sheep each fitted with a rumen cannula and with a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum. The intraruminal infusion (4 1/day) of artificial saliva containing 4% w/v PEG caused a significant (P 〈 0·01) increase in D and a significant (P 〈 0·01) depression in Pr in two animals. The dilution rate and Pr in the third animal were virtually unaltered by infusion. The regression of Pr on D for the three animals was highly significant: Pr = 34·8–136·8D; r = –0·98, P 〈 0·001. Each increase in D was associated with an increased flow of α-linked glucose polymer, total amino acids and total microbial amino acids into the small intestine and with an increased efficiency of microbial protein synthesis within the rumen.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 6
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    An examination of the net changes in amino-acid composition within the rumen of mature wether sheep using canonical variate analysis (1976)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976-10-01
    Description: SUMMARYData for the quantity of ammo acids consumed and their flow rates at the proximal duodenum for 33 diets fed to sheep have been statistically analysed by both univariate and multivariate methods. Analysis of variance of net loss (g/day) between mouth and duodenum of individual and total acida was not conclusive. Canonical variate analysis which takes regard of the correlations between different acids both within and between diets provided a conoise method of discriminating between diets. The advantage of this method in generating a unified account of digestion within the rumen is that it effectively reduces the problem from one of many dimensions to a situation where only the first few transformed variables need to be considered.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 7
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    Effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 on food intake, growth rate and acid-base balance in calves (1977)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-02-01
    Description: SUMMARYCalves were reared on milk replacer up to 5 weeks of age and given ad libitum access to pellets and chopped straw from 1 to 10 weeks of age. Major ingredients of the pellets were ground barley (B) or ground barley and grass meal in a 6:4 ratio (G). Included in these two basal diets were NaCl or NaHCO3, each at 2, 11, 20 or 29 g Na/kg D.M.Calves on G diets ate more than those on B diets but grew at a similar rate. The replacement value of grass meal for ground barley was 1·36:1. Most responses to Na inclusions were unaffected by the basal diets.Before weaning there were linear increases in food intake and growth rate related to Na level in the diet. At 29 g Na/kg D.M., total D.M. intake/kg0.75 and growth rate were respectively 31 and 23% greater than at 2 g Na/kg D.M. After weaning there were differential responses to the two salts. With NaHC03 there were linear increases in food intake and growth rate up to 20 g Na/kg D.M., at which level total D.M. intake/kg0.75 and growth rate were respectively 36 and 44% greater than at 2 g Na/kg D.M. With NaCl the only significant response was that total D.M. intake at 11 g Na/kg D.M. was 16% higher than at 2 g Na/kg D.M.Observations on acid-base balance and water intake indicated that inclusions of NaCl or NaHCO3 up to 20 g Na/kg D.M. were well tolerated by calves. Above this level there was a sharp increase in water intake, and with NaHCO3 there was a large base excess and high pH in the blood.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 8
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    The effect of oestradiol-17 β implantation on the response in voluntary intake, live-weight gain and body composition, to fishmeal supplementation of silage offered to growing calves (1987)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-02-01
    Description: SummaryThe effect of oestradiol-17β on the response to fishmeal supplementation of grass silage was studied in young growing cattle. Voluntary intake and live-weight gain were recorded over 63 days with 36 British Friesian male castrates (initial live weight (LW) 119 kg) offered silage alone (C) or with 50 (FM1), 100 (FM2), or 150 (FM3) g fishmeal/kg silage dry matter. Twelve calves were allocated to each of treatments C and FM3 and six to treatments FM1 and FM2. Half of the calves on each treatment were ear-implanted with oestradiol-17β (Compudose 365) at the start of the experiment. The calves on treatments C and FM3 were slaughtered after 75 days and chemical analysis conducted on half of each carcass. The silage had an organic-matter digestibility in vivo of 0·794 and was well-fermented, with a pH of 3·7. Intake averaged 24·2±0·42 g D.M./kg LW over all the treatments and live-weight gain was 0·77 kg/day on the silage alone. There was a significant (P 〈 0·05) interaction between fishmeal and oestradiol-17β, such that response to the hormone was observed only in the presence of fishmeal at 100 or 150 g/kg silage D.M. A similar interaction was apparent between fishmeal at 150 g/kg silage D.M. and oestradiol-17β in the final weights of empty body and carcass. This level of fishmeal also increased protein gain from 96 to 147 g/day and this was further increased to 179 g/day in the implanted animals receiving fishmeal. However, the overall effect of oestradiol-17β on protein gain was not significant. Gross efficiency of energy utilization was significantly (P 〈 0·01) increased by fishmeal supplementation suggesting an improved balance of nutrients compared with the silage alone diet.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 9
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    The influence of diet upon the quantity and types of amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine of sheep (1973)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1973-12-01
    Description: SUMMARYWether sheep were fed on six forage diets, namely, (1) barn-dried low-N hay, (2) barndried low-N hay plus urea infused intraruminally at 12·6 g/24 h, (3) dried sainfoin, (4) dried lucerne, (5) fresh red clover and (6) dried and pelleted red clover. The proportions of amino acids in the diet and in samples of digesta from the duodenum and ileum were determined.The relative proportions of individual amino acids in the duodenal digesta showed little variation despite the differences in intake and the variation in the proportions of amino acids in the feeds. Only the proportions of methionine, lysine, 2:6 diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) showed significant (P 〈 0·01) variation with respect to diet. In the ileal digesta the proportions of methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, AIB and DAPA showed significant variation by diet.With all diets except lucerne the quantity (g/day) of total amino acids presented at the duodenum was higher than the quantity ingested. There was no correlation between the quantity of total amino acids presented at the duodenum and the quantity disappearing within the small intestine.The duodenal digesta contained a significantly higher (P 〈 0·001) proportion of essential amino acids than did the ileal digesta. This difference was most marked with the diets which supplied a low amino acid intake.With all diets there was little apparent absorption of DAPA in the small intestine.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 10
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    The digestion by sheep of silages made with and without the addition of formaldehyde (1977)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-02-01
    Description: SUMMARYS.24 perennial ryegrass was conserved by ensiling directly (control) and after treatment with a solution of formaldehyde at the rate of 6 g HCHO/100 g crude protein. After storage for 90 days, part of the formaldehyde-treated silage was dried in a high-temperature drier.The quantitative digestion of the energy, carbohydrate and nitrogen moieties of the three diets and the production of volatile fatty acids and microbial protein within the rumen were measured using five sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.Treatment with formaldehyde depressed organic matter and energy digestion within the rumen compared with untreated silage (P 〈 0·001) and a further depression was observed on the dehydrated material. Both formaldehyde-treated silages showed enhanced flows of total amino acids into the small intestine compared with the control silage and net absorption from the small intestine was elevated by 13 and 21% respectively on these two diets. On the untreated silage over 71% of the protein entering the small intestine was microbial in origin whereas, due to depressed microbial growth and increased protection of feed protein from rumen fermentation, microbial protein comprised only 17% of duodenal protein on the two formaldehyde-treated silage diets. Fifteen and 81 % of the dietary protein passed undegraded through the stomachs to the duodenum on the control and the two formaldehyde-treated silage diets respectively.Total VFA production within the rumen was not significantly influenced by the treatments imposed, but on the untreated silage only 56% of the energy apparently digested in the rumen was converted to VTA energy whilst a mean value of 74% was recorded on the other two diets.Estimates of the total energy absorbed gave values of 10·6, 11·9 and 10·7 MJ/kg D.M. for the control, formaldehyde and dried, formaldehyde silage diets with absorbed protein energy representing 21, 22 and 26% of the total absorbed energy respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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