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  • 1
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    Fallout nuclides in Atlantic and Pacific water columns : GEOSECS data (2011)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report contains results of measurements of the fallout radionuclides 90Sr, 137Cs , 239,240Pu , and 241Am in large volume seawater samples collected between 1972 and 1974 in the Atlantic and Pacific as part of Geochemical Ocean Sections (GEOSECS) program. The stations for which data are reported include both the North and South Atlantic oceans and latitudes north of 20° S in the Pacific Ocean. The 90Sr and 137Cs data set has been corrected by a procedure which estimates independently the analytical blank for the laboratory which made the analysis. When the data quality and spacing permit, water column inventory estimates were made for each nuclide over depth intervals appropriate to the nuclide's distribution.
    Description: Funding was provided by the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-EV03563.
    Keywords: Marine pollution ; Radioisotopes ; Radioactive fallout ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise ; Melville (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iodine-129 and plutonium isotopes in Arctic kelp as historical indicators of transport of nuclear fuel-reprocessing wastes from mid-to-high latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean (1998)
    Springer
    Marine biology 131 (1998), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iodine-129:iodine-127 ratios were determined using accelerator mass spectrometry in 34 Arctic marine algae collected between 1930 and 1993. A smaller set (5) of marine algae were also analyzed mass spectrometrically to determine plutonium-isotope ratios. The 129I:127I ratio increased as much as three orders of magnitude from a mean of 〈1×10−11 (atom/atom) in the pre-nuclear era (before 1945) to nearly 1000×10−11 in 1993 for marine algae collected from the Novaya Zemlya archipelago separating the Barents and Kara Seas. The predominant basis for the higher ratios in the Novaya Zemlya kelps appears to be upcurrent sources of 129I from nuclear fuel-reprocessing facilities at Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (France). Relatively high 241Pu:239Pu ratios (compared to observed bomb fallout at boreal latitudes, decay corrected to the date of collection) also corroborate the influence of non-fallout sources. The small size of the data set precludes determining if there are significant contributions of 129I and other radionuclides from Russian sources. In contrast, marine algae collected between 1969 and 1993 in the Bering, Beaufort and East Siberian Seas had much lower 129I:127I ratios (mean=14.04×10−11±3.15 SD) than those observed in the European Arctic. The narrow range of ratios in Ameriasian Arctic kelps, and the modest change over that time period, indicate that there were no major contributions of non-fallout 129I to North American Arctic surface waters at the time that the algae were collected. The potential for timing the transport of fuel-reprocessed 129I through analysis of additional archived samples is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050332
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    210Po and 210Pb in zooplankton fecal pellets (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 44 (1978), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in fecal pellets from the zooplanktonic euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica are reported. The 210Po:210Pb activity ratio is 2.2±0.3, a value in good agreement with that found in suspended particulate matter in surface seawater. Estimates of 210Po and 210Pb removal times from the mixed layer by fecal pellets alone yield values which are of the same order of magnitude as the removal times for these nuclides by all routes. It is suggested that there is a high probability that zooplanktonic fecal pellets play a significant role in the removal of both these nuclides from the surface layers of the ocean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390896
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polonium-210 in euphausiids: A detailed study (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 34 (1976), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of 210Po, the predominant alpha-emitting nuclide found in most marine organisms, has been undertaken in a particular zooplanktonic species, the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica. The purpose was to obtain information concerning the origin, the localization and the flux of the nuclide in and through this organism. Measurements of 210Po were made in euphausiids of different sizes, in dissected organs and tissues, and in excretion products. The results show higher concentrations in the smaller specimens; this fact cannot be explained on the basis of surface adsorption, but is probably related to the ingestion of food. Dissection results show that the distribution of 210Po in euphausiids is not homogeneous, but that the majority is concentrated in the internal organs, the alimentary tract and the hepatopancreas in particular. The natural radiation dose received by these organs is in consequence much higher than that received by the whole animal. Use of a dynamic model allowed the flux of 210Po through M. norvegica to be calculated. The calculations confirm that food is the principal source of 210Po for this species, and clearly show that fecal pellets constitute the major elimination route. Extrapolation of the data to zooplankton in general leads to the conclusion that zooplankton metabolic activity plays an important role in transporting 210Po from the surface layers of the ocean to depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390754
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plutonium and Americium: Uptake from contaminated sediments by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 38 (1976), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polychaete Nereis diversicolor O.F. Müller was exposed to marine sediments which had been contaminated with plutonium and americium either through the testing of nuclear devices or by the release of liquid waste effluent from a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. The uptake of both plutonium and americium was small, about 0.5% of the concentration of these transuranics in the sediments. The degree of relative uptake of plutonium from both sediments was comparable; relative uptake of americium from sediments contaminated by waste effluent was greater than that from nuclear sediment and those previously determined from water-uptake experiments to environmentally determined plutonium concentrations in sediments and overlying waters leads to the tentative conclusion that water may be the predominant pathway for plutonium accumulation by deposit-feeding worms like N. diversicolor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390762
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorine-36 in the Snake River Plain Aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory: Origin and Implications (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 31 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Between 1952 and 1984, low-level radioactive waste was introduced directly into the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho. These wastes were generated, principally, at the nuclear fuel reprocessing facility on the site. Our measurements of 36C1 in monitoring and production well waters, downgradient from disposal wells and seepage ponds, found easily detectable, nonhazardous concentrations of this radionuclide from the point of injection to the INEL southern site boundary. Comparisons are made between 3H and 36Cl concentrations in aquifer water and the advantages of 36C1 as a tracer of subsurface-water dynamics at the site are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01822.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorine-36 Releases from the Savanniah River Site Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Facilities (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 30 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Determinations of 36CI (T½= 301,000 a) in waters on and near the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina reveal that nuclear fuel reprocessing activities there have released measurable amounts of this radionuclide to the environment. The natural atmospheric flux of 36CI at the latitude of SRS is 20-25 atoms m-2 sec-1. Atmospheric releases of 36CI from SRS, within the site boundaries, have increased this flux by a factor of at least 10 to 20. Approximately 3×109 Becquerels (Bq) [84 millicuries (mCi)] of site-derived 36 CI have been deposited within 200 km of the plant boundaries. By comparison, fallout of 36CI from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s deposited twice this amount of activity in the same area. Surface-water 36CI concentrations in on-site streams represent about 0.01 percent of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking-water standard and therefore pose no health concern. At SRS and similar facilities, this additional source of 36CI should prove useful for validating ground-water and atmospheric transport models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01530.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silver-108m in Biota and Sediments at Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls (1971)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 230 (1971), S. 450-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have found 108mAg in biota and sediments collected at previous nuclear testing sites in the Pacific. We first detected the radionuclide in a composite sample of the hepatopancreases of spiny lobsters collected at Bikini Atoll in 1969, and have since measured its concentration in several samples ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/230450a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    243,244 Cm in Columbia River sediments (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 287 (1980), S. 624-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The data presented here were derived from a sediment core raised from McNary Reservoir in August 1977. McNary Reservoir is located approximately 100 km downstream from the Hanford Reservation in Washington State and is formed by waters held by McNary Dam. It represents the first major accumulation ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287624a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iron-55 in Marine Environment and in People who Eat Ocean Fish (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 211 (1966), S. 1253-1254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE concentrations of iron-55 in human beings and their food both in Alaska and in the State of Washington were recently reported1. During the course of this investigation, it was found that ocean fish had higher concentrations of this radionuclide than did the Alaskan caribou. This finding ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2111253a0
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