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Study of Quaternary activities of the Red River Fault (I) (1984)

C. R. Allen ; Yuan Han ; K. E. Sieh ; [et al.]

In: J. Seism. Res., Tokyo, Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 7, no. 5946, pp. 39-51, pp. 8043

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Publication Date: 1984

Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; China ; Fault zone ; part1 ; JSR

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BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY

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2

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Red River and associated faults, Yunnan Province, China: Quaternary geology, slip rates, and seismic hazard (1984)

C. R. Allen ; A. R. Gillespie ; Yuan Han ; [et al.]

In: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Tokyo, Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 95, no. 5946, pp. 686-700, pp. 8043

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Publication Date: 1984

Keywords: Fault zone ; Geol. aspects ; Earthquake hazard

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BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY

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3

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Study of Quaternary activities of the Red River Fault (II) (1984)

C. R. Allen ; Yuan Han ; K. E. Sieh ; [et al.]

In: J. Seism. Res., Tokyo, Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 7, no. 5946, pp. 171-185, pp. 8043

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Publication Date: 1984

Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; China ; Fault zone ; part2 ; JSR

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4

Electronic Resource

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 1. Production physiology (2000)

Gillespie, A. R. ; Jose, S. ; Mengel, D. B. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 48 (2000), S. 25-40

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: maize yield ; PAR ; root barrier ; spatial variability ; tree-crop interactions

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract With renewed interest in the use of ecologically-designed, sustainable agricultural systems for temperate regions of the world, agroforestry is being proposed as an alternative to intensive production of crops in monocultures. However, the knowledge-base for understanding and managing complex, multi-strata systems worldwide is limited, particularly so for temperate regions. We examined an alley cropping system in the midwestern US where maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in alleys between tree rows of either black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) or red oak (Quercus rubra L.). During a course of ten years, crop yields in rows adjacent to tree rows declined by 50% or more. With the experimental introduction of barriers to separate tree and crop root systems, yields in the rows near trees were equal to those of the center row (and monoculture). Irrespective of a high correlation between photosynthetically active radiation and net photosynthesis, shading did not have a major influence on crop yield. At this stage of system development (11 year old trees), influence of incident PAR on crop yield seems to be minimal. Subsequent papers in this series examine the sharing of belowground resources between trees and crops to quantify the competitive interactions that impact crop yields and their implications for economic return to the farmer.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006285205553

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5

Electronic Resource

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 2. Competition for water (2000)

Jose, S. ; Gillespie, A. R. ; Seifert, J. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 48 (2000), S. 41-59

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: belowground competition ; leaf area ; root biomass ; sap flow ; soil moisture

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A study was carried out in an alley cropping system in the Eastern Maize Belt of the United States with the objective of quantifying the competition for water between trees (black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture, tree and maize rooting patterns, tree and maize water uptake, and maize leaf area expansion were determined in three treatments; ‘barrier’ (polyethylene root barriers separating maize and tree roots), ‘trench’ (trenching without a polyethylene barrier), and ‘no barrier’ (control). Significant temporal variation in soil moisture was observed in both black walnut and red oak alley cropping systems. The ‘barrier’ and ‘trench’ treatments resulted in higher soil moisture in the ‘maize alley’ and lower soil moisture in the ‘tree row’ than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. Uptake of water by maize was higher in the ‘barrier’ than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. However, tree water uptake was higher in the ‘no barrier’ treatment than in the ‘barrier’ treatment because tree roots utilized water from the ‘maize alley’. Maize leaf area was negatively impacted by water stress in the ‘no barrier’ treatment. Quantification of rooting patterns revealed that maize and tree roots were concentrated in the top 30 cm soil layer where water fluctuations were greatest. The ‘barrier’ and ‘trench’ treatments successfully eliminated the belowground root competition between trees and maize and resulted in greater leaf area and higher grain yields than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. Thus, competition for water rather than competition for light seems to be critical in defining the productivity and sustainability of this alley cropping system.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006289322392

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Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 3. Competition for nitrogen and litter decomposition dynamics (2000)

Jose, S. ; Gillespie, A. R. ; Seifert, J. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 48 (2000), S. 61-77

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: 15N ; decomposition ; fertilizer use efficiency ; nutrient competition ; nutrient release

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted in an 11-year-old black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), maize (Zea mays L.) alley cropping system in the midwestern USA to examine the extent of tree-crop competition for nitrogen and decomposition dynamics of tree leaves and fine roots. A below-ground polyethylene root barrier (1.2 m deep) isolated black walnut roots from maize alleys in half the number of plots providing two treatments viz. ‘barrier’ and ‘no barrier’. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (%NDF) and fertilizer use efficiency (%UFN) were determined using 15N enriched fertilizer. Further, maize grain and stover biomass, tree leaf biomass, tissue N concentration, and N content were quantified in both treatments. The ‘barrier’ treatment resulted in a significantly greater grain (67.3% more) and stover (37.2% more) biomass than the ‘no barrier’ treatment. The %NDF in both grain and stover was higher in the ‘no barrier’ treatment as a result of competition from tree roots for water and mineralized N in soil. Maize plants growing in the ‘no barrier’ treatment had a lower %UFN than those in the ‘barrier’ treatment due to their smaller size and inability to take up fertilizer. Analysis of tree leaf and fine root decomposition patterns revealed faster release of N (39% over 15 days for black walnut and 17.7% for red oak) and P (30% over 15 days for both species) from roots compared to the leaves of both species. Following an early release of P (11.3% over 45 days), red oak leaves exhibited significant immobilization for the rest of the incubation period. The data indicate that competition for N from fertilizer is minimal since nutrient acquisition is not simultaneous among black walnut and maize. However, competition for mineralized N in soil can exist between black walnut and maize depending on water availability and competition. Tree leaves and fine roots can enhance soil nutrient pools through the addition of soil carbon and nutrients. Tree fine roots seem to play a more significant role in nutrient cycling within the alley cropping system because of their faster release of both N and P as compared to leaves. Selection of tree species and their phenology will impact the magnitude and rate of nutrient cycling.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006241406462

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7

Electronic Resource

The structure of four home gardens in the Petén, Guatemala (1993)

Gillespie, A. R. ; Knudson, D. M. ; Geilfus, F.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 157-170

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: household gardens ; dooryard gardens ; huertas familiares ; Maya ; sustainable development ; agroforestry ; Yucatan ; tropical forest

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Forest-covered home gardens around the tropical world vary in their structure, but serve to supply food and other products for direct family consumption or marketing. Little quantitative data exist defining home garden structure. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the variation in home garden structures in response to market or household needs and the subsequent variation in light interception and productivity. Four home gardens were studied in the Department of the Petén, in northern Guatemala. Areal extent and height of canopies were mapped in transects through four gardens representing a range of site water regimes and market orientation. Light intensities incident on the ground were measured along each transect to assess light use. Results showed structural complexity, with full canopy closure in the one or more layers within the canopy for most gardens. The garden architectures made efficient use of light and space, with intersive management for food and fuel production. Farmers grew the crops for both cash and family subsistence. One home garden on a comparatively dry site with shallow soil seemed less structured, with only a single broken canopy layer, but with diverse species of plants. The results indicate that development of gardens in this area utilized existing trees, thinning them to leave the most useful, and inserting other desirable trees and shrubs in the understory and in open spaces. This strategy seemed to maximize light use, regardless of market orientation. This look at the structure and composition of four home gardens, in a forested area of current immigration, demonstrated (1) variety of organization and plant components, (2) different architecture for different soil/site conditions and market orientations, and (3) efficient use of available light through the arrangement of plants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706889

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