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  • 1
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    Motor cortical encoding of serial order in a context-recall task (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-12
    Description: The neural encoding of serial order was studied in the motor cortex of monkeys performing a context-recall memory scanning task. Up to five visual stimuli were presented successively on a circle (list presentation phase), and then one of them (test stimulus) changed color; the monkeys had to make a single motor response toward the stimulus that immediately followed the test stimulus in the list. Correct performance in this task depends on memorization of the serial order of the stimuli during their presentation. It was found that changes in neural activity during the list presentation phase reflected the serial order of the stimuli; the effect on cell activity of the serial order of stimuli during their presentation was at least as strong as the effect of motor direction on cell activity during the execution of the motor response. This establishes the serial order of stimuli in a motor task as an important determinant of motor cortical activity during stimulus presentation and in the absence of changes in peripheral motor events, in contrast to the commonly held view of the motor cortex as just an "upper motor neuron."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carpenter, A F -- Georgopoulos, A P -- Pellizzer, G -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1752-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis MN 55417, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Fixation, Ocular ; Haplorhini ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Microelectrodes ; Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychomotor Performance
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-09-15
    Description: Locomotion and reaching have traditionally been regarded as separate motor activities. In fact, they may be closely connected both from an evolutionary and a neurophysiological viewpoint. Reaching seems to have evolved from the neural systems responsible for the active and precise positioning of the limb during locomotion; moreover, it seems to be organized in the spinal cord. The motor cortex and its corticospinal outflow are preferentially engaged when precise positioning of the limb is needed during locomotion and are also involved during reaching and active positioning of the hand near objects of interest. All of these motor activities require visuomotor coordination, and it is this coordination that could be achieved by the motor cortex and interconnected parietal and cerebellar areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Grillner, S -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Sep 15;245(4923):1209-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Philip Bard Laboratories for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2675307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Forelimb/*physiology ; Humans ; *Locomotion ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Vertebrates/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-01-13
    Description: A rhesus monkey was trained to move its arm in a direction that was perpendicular to and counterclockwise from the direction of a target light that changed in position from trial to trial. Solution of this problem was hypothesized to involve the creation and mental rotation of an imagined movement vector from the direction of the light to the direction of the movement. This hypothesis was tested directly by recording the activity of cells in the motor cortex during performance of the task and computing the neuronal population vector in successive time intervals during the reaction time. The population vector rotated gradually counterclockwise from the direction of the light to the direction of the movement at an average rate of 732 degrees per second. These results provide direct, neural evidence for the mental rotation hypothesis and indicate that the neuronal population vector is a useful tool for "reading out" and identifying cognitive operations of neuronal ensembles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Lurito, J T -- Petrides, M -- Schwartz, A B -- Massey, J T -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS20868/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jan 13;243(4888):234-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2911737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cognition ; Macaca mulatta ; Models, Neurological ; Models, Psychological ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; *Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Rotation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Motor cortical activity in a context-recall task (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-04
    Description: A monkey was trained to respond on the basis of the serial position of a test stimulus in a sequence. First, three stimuli were presented successively on a circle. Then one of them (except the last) changed color (test stimulus) and served as the go signal: The monkey was required to produce a motor response in the direction of the stimulus that followed the test stimulus. When the test stimulus was the second in the sequence, there was a change in motor cortical activity from a pattern reflecting the direction of this stimulus to the pattern associated with the direction of the motor response. This change was abrupt, occurred 100 to 150 milliseconds after the go signal, and was evident both in the activity of single cells and in the time-varying neuronal population vector. These findings identify the neural correlates of a switching process that is different from a mental rotation described previously.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellizzer, G -- Sargent, P -- Georgopoulos, A P -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Aug 4;269(5224):702-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7624802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cognition/*physiology ; Haplorhini ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Motor Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Rotation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Cognitive neurophysiology of the motor cortex (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-04-02
    Description: A major challenge of current neuroscience is to elucidate the brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive function. There is no doubt that cognitive processing in the brain engages large populations of cells. This article explores the logic of investigating these problems by combining psychological studies in human subjects and neurophysiological studies of neuronal populations in the motor cortex of behaving monkeys. The results obtained show that time-varying psychological processes can be visualized in the time-varying activity of neuronal populations. Moreover, the functional interactions between cells in the motor cortex are very similar to those observed in a massively interconnected artificial network performing the same computation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Taira, M -- Lukashin, A -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- PSMH48185/PS/NCHHSTP CDC HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 2;260(5104):47-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Legion, Minneapolis, MN.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8465199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Mathematics ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Movement ; Neurons/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Vision, Ocular/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Functional magnetic resonance imaging of motor cortex: hemispheric asymmetry and handedness (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-07-30
    Description: A hemispheric asymmetry in the functional activation of the human motor cortex during contralateral (C) and ipsilateral (I) finger movements, especially in right-handed subjects, was documented with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging at high field strength (4 tesla). Whereas the right motor cortex was activated mostly during contralateral finger movements in both right-handed (C/I mean area of activation = 36.8) and left-handed (C/I = 29.9) subjects, the left motor cortex was activated substantially during ipsilateral movements in left-handed subjects (C/I = 5.4) and even more so in right-handed subjects (C/I = 1.3).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, S G -- Ashe, J -- Hendrich, K -- Ellermann, J M -- Merkle, H -- Ugurbil, K -- Georgopoulos, A P -- HL32427/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL33600/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RR08079/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 30;261(5121):615-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Brain Mapping ; Female ; *Functional Laterality ; Humans ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Response (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Taira, M -- Lukashin, A V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1296-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17817432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The motor cortex and the coding of force (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-06-19
    Description: The relation of cellular activity in the motor cortex to the direction of two-dimensional isometric force was investigated under dynamic conditions in monkeys. A task was designed so that three force variables were dissociated: the force exerted by the subject, the net force, and the change in force. Recordings of neuronal activity in the motor cortex revealed that the activity of single cells was directionally tuned and that this tuning was invariant across different directions of a bias force. Cell activity was not related to the direction of force exerted by the subject, which changed drastically as the bias force changed. In contrast, the direction of net force, the direction of force change, and the visually instructed direction all remained quite invariant and congruent and could be the directional variables, alone or in combination, to which cell activity might relate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Ashe, J -- Smyrnis, N -- Taira, M -- NS07226/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 19;256(5064):1692-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Haplorhini ; Isometric Contraction/*physiology ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Neurons/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Response: neuronal coding and robotics (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1987-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Schwartz, A B -- Kettner, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Jul 17;237(4812):301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Neuronal population coding of movement direction (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1986-09-26
    Description: Although individual neurons in the arm area of the primate motor cortex are only broadly tuned to a particular direction in three-dimensional space, the animal can very precisely control the movement of its arm. The direction of movement was found to be uniquely predicted by the action of a population of motor cortical neurons. When individual cells were represented as vectors that make weighted contributions along the axis of their preferred direction (according to changes in their activity during the movement under consideration) the resulting vector sum of all cell vectors (population vector) was in a direction congruent with the direction of movement. This population vector can be monitored during various tasks, and similar measures in other neuronal populations could be of heuristic value where there is a neural representation of variables with vectorial attributes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Schwartz, A B -- Kettner, R E -- NS07226/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS20868/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 26;233(4771):1416-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3749885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arm/innervation ; Macaca mulatta ; Mathematics ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Neurons/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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