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  • 1
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    Repeated large-magnitude earthquakes in a tectonically active, low-strain continental interior: the northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-27
    Description: The northern Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan has been affected by a series of major earthquakes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To assess the significance of such a pulse of strain release in a continental interior, it is important to analyze and quantify strain release over multiple time scales. We have undertaken paleoseismological investigations at two geomorphically distinct sites (Panfilovkoe and Rot Front) near the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek. Although located near the historic epicenters, both sites were not affected by these earthquakes. Trenching was accompanied by dating stratigraphy and offset surfaces using luminescence, radiocarbon, and 10 B e terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide methods. At Rot Front, trenching of a small scarp did not reveal evidence for surface rupture during the last five thousand years. The scarp rather resembles an extensive debris-flow lobe. At Panfilovkoe, we estimate a late Pleistocene minimum slip rate of 0.2 ± 0.1 mm/a, averaged over at least two, probably three earthquake cycles. Dip-slip reverse motion along segmented, moderately steep faults resulted in hanging-wall collapse scarps during different events. The most recent earthquake occurred around 3.6 ± 1.3 kyr ago (1 σ ), with dip-slip offsets between 1.2 and 1.4m. We calculate a probabilistic paleomagnitude to be between 6.7 and 7.2, which is in agreement with regional data from the Kyrgyz range. The morphotectonic signals in the northern Tien Shan are a prime example of deformation in a tectonically active intracontinental mountain belt and as such can help understand the longer-term co-evolution of topography and seismogenic processes in similar structural settings worldwide.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Breaking the code of DNA binding specificity of TAL-type III effectors (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-26
    Description: The pathogenicity of many bacteria depends on the injection of effector proteins via type III secretion into eukaryotic cells in order to manipulate cellular processes. TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors from plant pathogenic Xanthomonas are important virulence factors that act as transcriptional activators in the plant cell nucleus, where they directly bind to DNA via a central domain of tandem repeats. Here, we show how target DNA specificity of TAL effectors is encoded. Two hypervariable amino acid residues in each repeat recognize one base pair in the target DNA. Recognition sequences of TAL effectors were predicted and experimentally confirmed. The modular protein architecture enabled the construction of artificial effectors with new specificities. Our study describes the functionality of a distinct type of DNA binding domain and allows the design of DNA binding domains for biotechnology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boch, Jens -- Scholze, Heidi -- Schornack, Sebastian -- Landgraf, Angelika -- Hahn, Simone -- Kay, Sabine -- Lahaye, Thomas -- Nickstadt, Anja -- Bonas, Ulla -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1509-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1178811. Epub .〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany. jens.boch@genetik.uni-halle.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Biotechnology ; Capsicum/genetics ; DNA, Plant/*chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Genes, Plant ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Binding ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Tobacco/genetics ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Xanthomonas/*metabolism/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Differentiating simple and composite tectonic landscapes using numerical fault-slip modeling with an example from the south-central Alborz Mountains, Iran (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-14
    Description: [1]  The tectonically driven growth of mountains reflects the characteristics of the underlying fault systems and the applied tectonic forces. Over time, fault networks might be relatively static, but stress conditions could change and result in variations in fault slip orientation. Such a tectonic landscape would transition from a “simple” to a “composite” state: the topography of simple landscapes is correlated with a single set of tectonic boundary conditions, while composite landscapes contain inherited topography due to earlier deformation under different boundary conditions. We use fault-interaction modelling to compare vertical displacement fields with topographic metrics to differentiate the two types of landscapes. By successively rotatingthe axis of maximum horizontal stress, we produce a suite of vertical displacement fields for comparison with real landscapes. We apply this model to a transpressional duplex in the south-central Alborz Mountains of Iran, where NW-oriented compression was superseded by neotectonic NE compression. The consistency between the modeled displacement field and real landforms indicates that the duplex-topography is mostly compatible with the modern boundary conditions, but might include a small remnant from the earlier deformation phase. Our approach is applicable for various tectonic settings and represents an approach to identify the changing boundary conditions that produce composite landscapes. It may be particularly useful for identifying changes that occurred in regions where river profiles may no longer record a signal of the change, or where the spatial pattern of upliftis complex.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products using primers labeled with biotin and a fluorescent dye
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 193 (1991), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(91)90014-K
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct analysis of polymerase chain reaction products using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 198 (1991), S. 86-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(91)90510-Z
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Oxyden (1936)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 74 (1936), S. 296-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden tensieudiometrische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen amγ-Fe2O3 mitgeteilt, die zeigen, daßγ-Fe2O3 bei 300° im Hochvakuum thermisch nicht merkbar zu zerlegen ist. Der von Girard und Chaudron und anderen beobachtete Zerfall desγ-Fe2O3 in Fe3O4 wird auf die Gegenwart von reduzierenden Stoffen (aus Schlauch, Fett usw.) zurückgeführt und das Auftreten von CO2 spektroskopisch bewiesen. Mit der Reduktion geht eine Umlagerung desγ-Fe2O3 inα-Fe2O3 parallel, ein Befund, der auch durch magnetische Untersuchungen erhärtet wird. Platin-Mohr ist als Katalysator derγ-Fe2O3-Zersetzung bei 300° unwirksam. Der Jahrhundertstiftung unserer Hochschule sind wir für Bereitstellung von Mitteln zur Durchführung dieser Untersuchungen zu großem Dank verpflichtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01428648
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Bindung von Schwefel in der Asche bei der Verbrennung von Kohle unter dem Einfluß saurer oder basischer Aschebestandteile (1932)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 134 (1932), S. 1-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zu Teil I: Durch Einwirkung von SO3 auf CaSiO3 wird, trotz SiO2-Überschusses, eine teilweise SO3-Bindung durch das CaO des Silicates erzwungen. Die Gründe für die, unter den obwaltenden Verhältnissen sehr langsame, endgültige Einstellung des von der Temperatur abhängigen Endzustandes der umkehrbaren Reaktion: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \rm{CaSiO}_3 + \rm{SO}_3 \rightleftharpoons \rm{CaSO}_4 + \rm{SiO}_2 \quad\quad\quad (2) $$\end{document} werden in vielstündigen Versuchen, bei auf 900° C festgelegter Temperatur, untersucht und schließlich durch Diffusionsvorgänge und grundlegende physikalische Veränderung des CaSiO3 erklärt.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19321340101
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  • 8
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    Instrumental magnitude constraints for the 11 July 1889, Chilik earthquake (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-22
    Description: A series of large-magnitude earthquakes above 6.9 occurred in the northern Tien-Shan between 1885 and 1911. The Chilik earthquake of 11 July 1889, has been listed with a magnitude of 8.3, based on sparse macroseismic intensities, constrained by reported damage. Despite the existence of several juvenile fault scarps in the epicentral region, that are possibly associated with the 1889 earthquake, no through-going surface rupture having the dimensions expected for a magnitude 8.3 earthquake has been located – a puzzling dilemma. Could the magnitude have been overestimated? This would have major implications not only for the understanding of the earthquake series, but also for regional hazard estimates. Fortunately, a fragmentary record from an early Rebeur–Paschwitz seismometer exists for the Chilik event, recorded in Wilhelmshaven (Germany). To constrain the magnitude, we compare the late coda waves of this record with those of recent events from Central Asia, recorded on modern instruments in Germany and filtered with Rebeur–Paschwitz instrument characteristics. Additional constraints come from disturbances of historic magnetograms that exist from the Chilik and the 1911 Chon-Kemin earthquakes. Scaling of these historic records confirm a magnitude of about 8 for the 1889 Chilik earthquake, pointing towards a lower crustal contribution to the fault area.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 9
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    Surface rupture of the 1911 Kebin (Chon-Kemin) earthquake, Northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: The 1911 Chon–Kemin (Kebin) earthquake culminated c. 30 years of remarkable earthquakes in the northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). Building on prior mapping of the event, we traced its rupture in the field and measured more than 50 offset landforms. Cumulative fault rupture length is 〉155–195 km along 13 fault patches comprising six sections. The patches are separated by changes of dip magnitude or dip direction, or by 4–10 km-wide stepovers. One 〈40 km section overlaps and is parallel to the main north-dipping rupture but is 7 km north and dips opposite (south). Both ends of the rupture are along mountain front thrust faults demonstrating late Quaternary activity. We computed the moment from each fault patch using the surface fault traces, dip inferred from the traces, 20 km seismogenic thickness, rigidity of 3.3 x 10 10 N m –2 and dip slip converted from our observations of the largely reverse sense of motion vertical offsets. The discontinuous patches with c. 3–4 m average slip and peak slip of 〈14 m yield a seismic moment of 4.6 x 10 20 Nm ( M w 7.78) to 7.4 x 10 20 Nm ( M w 7.91). The majority of moment was released along the inner eastern rupture segments. This geological moment is lower by a factor of 1.5 from that determined from teleseismic data.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 10
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    Estimating two-dimensional static stabilities and geomorphic settings of precariously balanced rocks from unconstrained digital photographs (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: The need to accurately document the spatiotemporal distribution of earthquake-generated strong ground motions is essential for evaluating the seismic vulnerability of sites of critical infrastructure. Understanding the threshold for maximum earthquake-induced ground motions at such sites provides valuable information to seismologists, earthquake engineers, local agencies, and policymakers when determining ground motion hazards of seismically sensitive infrastructures. In this context, fragile geologic features such as precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) serve as negative evidence for earthquake-induced ground motions and provide important physical constraints on the upper limits of ground motions. The three-dimensional (3D) shape of a PBR is a critical factor in determining its static stability and thus susceptibility to toppling during strong ground shaking events. Furthermore, the geomorphic settings of PBRs provide important controls on PBR exhumation histories that are interpreted from surface exposure dating methods. In this paper, we present PBRslenderness, a MATLAB-based program that evaluates the two-dimensional (2D) static stabilities of PBRs from unconstrained digital photographs. The program’s graphical user interface allows users to interactively digitize a PBR and calculates the 2D geometric parameters that define its static stability. A reproducibility study showed that our 2D calculations compare well against their counterparts that were computed in 3D (R 2 = 0.77–0.98 for 22 samples). A sensitivity study for single-user and multiuser digitization routines further confirmed the reproducibility of PBRslenderness estimates (coefficients of variation c v = 4.3%–6.5% for 100 runs; R 2 = 0.87–0.99 for 20 PBRs). We used PBRslenderness to analyze 261 PBRs in a low-seismicity setting to investigate the local geomorphic controls on PBR stability and preservation. PBRslenderness showed that a PBR’s shape strongly controls its static stability and that there is no relationship between a PBR’s stability and its geomorphic location in a drainage basin. However, the geomorphic settings of PBRs control their preservation potential by restricting their formation to hillslope gradients 〈40° and the upper reaches of drainage basins. Such examples of our program’s utility have led to its use in archival efforts of PBRs in southern California and Nevada, USA.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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