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  • 1
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    Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-04
    Description: We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6 models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational estimate within the multi‐model ensemble spread. The CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble mean provides a more realistic estimate of the sensitivity of September Arctic sea‐ice area to a given amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and to a given amount of global warming, compared with earlier CMIP experiments. Still, most CMIP6 models fail to simulate at the same time a plausible evolution of sea‐ice area and of global mean surface temperature. In the vast majority of the available CMIP6 simulations, the Arctic Ocean becomes practically sea‐ice free (sea‐ice area 〈 1 million km2) in September for the first time before the year 2050 in each of the four emission scenarios SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 examined here.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Accurate knowledge of the location and magnitude of ocean heat content (OHC) variability and change is essential for understanding the processes that govern decadal variations in surface temperature, quantifying changes in the planetary energy budget, and developing constraints on the transient climate response to external forcings. We present an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of OHC variability and change as represented by an ensemble of dynamical and statistical ocean reanalyses (ORAs). Spatial maps of the 0–300 m layer show large regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans where the interannual variability of the ensemble mean exceeds ensemble spread, indicating that OHC variations are well-constrained by the available observations over the period 1993–2009. At deeper levels, the ORAs are less well-constrained by observations with the largest differences across the ensemble mostly associated with areas of high eddy kinetic energy, such as the Southern Ocean and boundary current regions. Spatial patterns of OHC change for the period 1997–2009 show good agreement in the upper 300 m and are characterized by a strong dipole pattern in the Pacific Ocean. There is less agreement in the patterns of change at deeper levels, potentially linked to differences in the representation of ocean dynamics, such as water mass formation processes. However, the Atlantic and Southern Oceans are regions in which many ORAs show widespread warming below 700 m over the period 1997–2009. Annual time series of global and hemispheric OHC change for 0–700 m show the largest spread for the data sparse Southern Hemisphere and a number of ORAs seem to be subject to large initialization ‘shock’ over the first few years. In agreement with previous studies, a number of ORAs exhibit enhanced ocean heat uptake below 300 and 700 m during the mid-1990s or early 2000s. The ORA ensemble mean (±1 standard deviation) of rolling 5-year trends in full-depth OHC shows a relatively steady heat uptake of approximately 0.9 ± 0.8 W m−2 (expressed relative to Earth’s surface area) between 1995 and 2002, which reduces to about 0.2 ± 0.6 W m−2 between 2004 and 2006, in qualitative agreement with recent analysis of Earth’s energy imbalance. There is a marked reduction in the ensemble spread of OHC trends below 300 m as the Argo profiling float observations become available in the early 2000s. In general, we suggest that ORAs should be treated with caution when employed to understand past ocean warming trends—especially when considering the deeper ocean where there is little in the way of observational constraints. The current work emphasizes the need to better observe the deep ocean, both for providing observational constraints for future ocean state estimation efforts and also to develop improved models and data assimilation methods.
    Description: Published
    Description: 909–930
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    The Ocean Reanalyses Intercom parison Project (ORA - IP) (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixed-layer-depth,upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea-ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.
    Description: This work has been partially funded by the European Commission funded projects MyOcean, MyOcean2 and COMBINE; by the GEMINA project-funded bythe Italian Ministry for Environment; by the NERC-funded VALOR project; by the NERC-funded NCEO program; by the Research Program on Climate Change adaptation of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese government; by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101); by NASA’s Modeling Analysis and Prediction Program under WBS 802678.02.17.01.25 and by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program; by the NOAA's Climate Observation Division (COD); by the LEFE/GMMC French national program.
    Description: Published
    Description: s80-s97
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Global ocean–sea-ice modelling ; Ocean model comparisons ; DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME ; multi-analysis ensemble ; Ocean climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoacoustic and photoluminescence studies of porous silicon etched by low-concentration hydrofluoric acid (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 6444-6450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We applied photoacoustic (PA), photoluminescence (PL), photoluminescence excitation (PLE), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques on porous silicon (PS) layers to study the influence of chemical etching by low-concentration hydrofluoric acid. The chemical etching reveals the formation of PS layers of small dimensions by AFM observations, indicating the possibility of a strong quantum confinement effect. PA spectroscopy is useful to obtain the optical absorption characteristic for strongly scattering media such as PS and it helps to confirm the above speculation by indicating the blueshift of the fundamental absorption edge for the PS layer with chemical etching. PL spectroscopy also confirms the possibility of a quantum confinement effect by revealing the strong intensity and blueshift for the PS layer with chemical etching. PLE measurements suggest that the site for the radiative processes is different from that for the recombination of carriers and the PL of PS layers were dominated only by small crystallites in various size distributions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1289220
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of the thermal expansion of semiconductors CdIn2S4 and CdInGaS4 (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 732-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal expansion of the compound semiconductors CdIn2S4 and CdInGaS4 has been investigated on single crystals between 120 and 570 K. At high temperatures the anharmonic effects in lattice vibrations of the (parallel)c-axis direction in CdInGaS4 is similar to that in the ⊥c-axis direction, and that in CdIn2S4 is similar to that in CdInGaS4 in spite of the diverse crystal structures. The characteristic temperature (corresponding to Debye temperatures) for CdIn2S4 is 175±10 K, and for CdInGaS4 it is 200±10 K ((parallel)c axis) and 161±10 K (⊥c axis), respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339755
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the optical absorption edge in Bi12SiO20 (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 2065-2066 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical absorption coefficients in Bi12SiO20 have been measured precisely at various hydrostatic pressures up to 40 kbar at room temperature. The interband gap for the indirect allowed transition was found to have a pressure coefficient (∂Eg/∂P)T of −1.20×10−6 eV/bar. Using the result of the pressure coefficient, it was indicated that the electron-phonon interaction was dominant in the temperature dependence of the indirect energy gap in Bi12SiO20.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338006
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the exponential optical absorption in CdInGaS4 (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 434-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical-absorption spectra in the semiconductor CdInGaS4 have been measured precisely at various hydrostatic pressures up to 20 kbar, and analyzed in the region below the fundamental absorption edges. It can be seen that the absorption coefficients plotted semilogarithmically vary linearly with photon energy below the fundamental absorption edges at each hydrostatic pressure. The steepness of the absorption edge is proportional to the inverse of hydrostatic pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338844
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The temperature dependence of the optical dispersion parameters in Hg0.795Cd0.205Te (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 5196-5197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In Hg0.795Cd0.205Te, the optical dispersion parameters (single-oscillator energy E0 and dispersion energy Ed) were analyzed in the temperature range from 100 to 300 K using the data by Finkman and Nemirovsky [J. Appl. Phys. 50, 4356 (1979)]. E0 and Ed exhibit large temperature dependence in Hg0.795Cd0.205Te. The signs of dE0/dT and dEd/dT are positive and absolute values of them are +1.67×10−3 eV/K and +17.4×10−3 eV/K, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338301
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the exponential optical absorption in Bi12SiO20 (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 2012-2015 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical-absorption spectra in Bi12SiO20 have been measured precisely at various hydrostatic pressure up to 40 kbar, and analyzed in the region below the fundamental absorption edges. It can be seen that the optical-absorption coefficients plotted semilogarithmically vary linearly with photon energy below the fundamental absorption edges at each hydrostatic pressure. The steepness of the absorption edge decreases with increasing pressure up to 10 kbar and then it shows constant value. The broad shoulders below 3.1-eV photon energy are shown, and the optical-absorption coefficients in those regions increase with increasing pressure up to 10 kbar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339543
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation for the photoacoustic EXAFS method : INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2522-2524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The instrumentation for the photoacoustic EXAFS experiment detailed here is under development at the Photon Factory. In the experimental setup, simultaneous detection of the absorption spectra in addition to the photoacoustic measurement was useful for confirmation of this phenomena and for data correction. The current detection limit of this system is not sufficient for application to a wide variety of samples. Several ways for improvement of the quality of the spectra were carried out and the results were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140718
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