ALBERT

Description: Biodiversity is rapidly declining, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scherber, Christoph -- Eisenhauer, Nico -- Weisser, Wolfgang W -- Schmid, Bernhard -- Voigt, Winfried -- Fischer, Markus -- Schulze, Ernst-Detlef -- Roscher, Christiane -- Weigelt, Alexandra -- Allan, Eric -- Bessler, Holger -- Bonkowski, Michael -- Buchmann, Nina -- Buscot, Francois -- Clement, Lars W -- Ebeling, Anne -- Engels, Christof -- Halle, Stefan -- Kertscher, Ilona -- Klein, Alexandra-Maria -- Koller, Robert -- Konig, Stephan -- Kowalski, Esther -- Kummer, Volker -- Kuu, Annely -- Lange, Markus -- Lauterbach, Dirk -- Middelhoff, Cornelius -- Migunova, Varvara D -- Milcu, Alexandru -- Muller, Ramona -- Partsch, Stephan -- Petermann, Jana S -- Renker, Carsten -- Rottstock, Tanja -- Sabais, Alexander -- Scheu, Stefan -- Schumacher, Jens -- Temperton, Vicky M -- Tscharntke, Teja -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 25;468(7323):553-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09492. Epub 2010 Oct 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Georg-August-University Gottingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. christoph.scherber@agr.uni-goettingen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The decomposition of dead organic matter is a major determinant of carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and of carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Decomposition is driven by a vast diversity of organisms that are structured in complex food webs. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the effects of biodiversity on decomposition is critical given the rapid loss of species worldwide and the effects of this loss on human well-being. Yet despite comprehensive syntheses of studies on how biodiversity affects litter decomposition, key questions remain, including when, where and how biodiversity has a role and whether general patterns and mechanisms occur across ecosystems and different functional types of organism. Here, in field experiments across five terrestrial and aquatic locations, ranging from the subarctic to the tropics, we show that reducing the functional diversity of decomposer organisms and plant litter types slowed the cycling of litter carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we found evidence of nitrogen transfer from the litter of nitrogen-fixing plants to that of rapidly decomposing plants, but not between other plant functional types, highlighting that specific interactions in litter mixtures control carbon and nitrogen cycling during decomposition. The emergence of this general mechanism and the coherence of patterns across contrasting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems suggest that biodiversity loss has consistent consequences for litter decomposition and the cycling of major elements on broad spatial scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Handa, I Tanya -- Aerts, Rien -- Berendse, Frank -- Berg, Matty P -- Bruder, Andreas -- Butenschoen, Olaf -- Chauvet, Eric -- Gessner, Mark O -- Jabiol, Jeremy -- Makkonen, Marika -- McKie, Brendan G -- Malmqvist, Bjorn -- Peeters, Edwin T H M -- Scheu, Stefan -- Schmid, Bernhard -- van Ruijven, Jasper -- Vos, Veronique C A -- Hattenschwiler, Stephan -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 8;509(7499):218-21. doi: 10.1038/nature13247.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France [2] Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada. ; Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. ; 1] Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland [2] Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Georg August University Gottingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. ; 1] Universite de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France [2] CNRS, EcoLab, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France. ; 1] Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland [2] Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland [3] Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhutte 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany [4] Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany. ; 1] Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Climate Change Programme, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland. ; 1] Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden [2] Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Deceased. ; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805346" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉