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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2010-02-19
    Description: A powerful way to discover key genes with causal roles in oncogenesis is to identify genomic regions that undergo frequent alteration in human cancers. Here we present high-resolution analyses of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) from 3,131 cancer specimens, belonging largely to 26 histological types. We identify 158 regions of focal SCNA that are altered at significant frequency across several cancer types, of which 122 cannot be explained by the presence of a known cancer target gene located within these regions. Several gene families are enriched among these regions of focal SCNA, including the BCL2 family of apoptosis regulators and the NF-kappaBeta pathway. We show that cancer cells containing amplifications surrounding the MCL1 and BCL2L1 anti-apoptotic genes depend on the expression of these genes for survival. Finally, we demonstrate that a large majority of SCNAs identified in individual cancer types are present in several cancer types.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826709/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826709/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beroukhim, Rameen -- Mermel, Craig H -- Porter, Dale -- Wei, Guo -- Raychaudhuri, Soumya -- Donovan, Jerry -- Barretina, Jordi -- Boehm, Jesse S -- Dobson, Jennifer -- Urashima, Mitsuyoshi -- Mc Henry, Kevin T -- Pinchback, Reid M -- Ligon, Azra H -- Cho, Yoon-Jae -- Haery, Leila -- Greulich, Heidi -- Reich, Michael -- Winckler, Wendy -- Lawrence, Michael S -- Weir, Barbara A -- Tanaka, Kumiko E -- Chiang, Derek Y -- Bass, Adam J -- Loo, Alice -- Hoffman, Carter -- Prensner, John -- Liefeld, Ted -- Gao, Qing -- Yecies, Derek -- Signoretti, Sabina -- Maher, Elizabeth -- Kaye, Frederic J -- Sasaki, Hidefumi -- Tepper, Joel E -- Fletcher, Jonathan A -- Tabernero, Josep -- Baselga, Jose -- Tsao, Ming-Sound -- Demichelis, Francesca -- Rubin, Mark A -- Janne, Pasi A -- Daly, Mark J -- Nucera, Carmelo -- Levine, Ross L -- Ebert, Benjamin L -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Rustgi, Anil K -- Antonescu, Cristina R -- Ladanyi, Marc -- Letai, Anthony -- Garraway, Levi A -- Loda, Massimo -- Beer, David G -- True, Lawrence D -- Okamoto, Aikou -- Pomeroy, Scott L -- Singer, Samuel -- Golub, Todd R -- Lander, Eric S -- Getz, Gad -- Sellers, William R -- Meyerson, Matthew -- K08 AR055688/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- K08 AR055688-03/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- K08 AR055688-04/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA122833/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA122833-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA122833-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA122833-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA134931/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08CA122833/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01CA 098101/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01CA085859/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA90578/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109038/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074024/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA109038/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA109467/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U24 CA126546/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 18;463(7283):899-905. doi: 10.1038/nature08822.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Program and Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apoptosis/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/genetics ; DNA Copy Number Variations/*genetics ; Gene Amplification/genetics ; Gene Dosage/*genetics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein ; Neoplasms/classification/*genetics/pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; bcl-X Protein/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2009-12-25
    Description: The clinical efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited by the development of drug-resistance mutations, including the gatekeeper T790M mutation. Strategies targeting EGFR T790M with irreversible inhibitors have had limited success and are associated with toxicity due to concurrent inhibition of wild-type EGFR. All current EGFR inhibitors possess a structurally related quinazoline-based core scaffold and were identified as ATP-competitive inhibitors of wild-type EGFR. Here we identify a covalent pyrimidine EGFR inhibitor by screening an irreversible kinase inhibitor library specifically against EGFR T790M. These agents are 30- to 100-fold more potent against EGFR T790M, and up to 100-fold less potent against wild-type EGFR, than quinazoline-based EGFR inhibitors in vitro. They are also effective in murine models of lung cancer driven by EGFR T790M. Co-crystallization studies reveal a structural basis for the increased potency and mutant selectivity of these agents. These mutant-selective irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitors may be clinically more effective and better tolerated than quinazoline-based inhibitors. Our findings demonstrate that functional pharmacological screens against clinically important mutant kinases represent a powerful strategy to identify new classes of mutant-selective kinase inhibitors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879581/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879581/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Wenjun -- Ercan, Dalia -- Chen, Liang -- Yun, Cai-Hong -- Li, Danan -- Capelletti, Marzia -- Cortot, Alexis B -- Chirieac, Lucian -- Iacob, Roxana E -- Padera, Robert -- Engen, John R -- Wong, Kwok-Kin -- Eck, Michael J -- Gray, Nathanael S -- Janne, Pasi A -- P50CA090578/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA122794/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA130876/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA130876-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA135257/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01AG2400401/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01CA080942/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA11446/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA116020/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA130876-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA135257/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01GM070590/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1070-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08622.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Lung/drug effects ; Mice ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/*genetics ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2010-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cichowski, Karen -- Janne, Pasi A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 18;464(7287):358-9. doi: 10.1038/464358a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/*drug effects ; Melanoma/drug therapy/pathology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced/*drug therapy/enzymology/genetics ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/*metabolism ; raf Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; ras Proteins/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Receptor tyrosine kinase genes were sequenced in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and matched normal tissue. Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene EGFR were found in 15of 58 unselected tumors from Japan and 1 of 61 from the United States. Treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) causes tumor regression in some patients with NSCLC, more frequently in Japan. EGFR mutations were found in additional lung cancer samples from U.S. patients who responded to gefitinib therapy and in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line that was hypersensitive to growth inhibition by gefitinib, but not in gefitinib-insensitive tumors or cell lines. These results suggest that EGFR mutations may predict sensitivity to gefitinib.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paez, J Guillermo -- Janne, Pasi A -- Lee, Jeffrey C -- Tracy, Sean -- Greulich, Heidi -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Herman, Paula -- Kaye, Frederic J -- Lindeman, Neal -- Boggon, Titus J -- Naoki, Katsuhiko -- Sasaki, Hidefumi -- Fujii, Yoshitaka -- Eck, Michael J -- Sellers, William R -- Johnson, Bruce E -- Meyerson, Matthew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1497-500. Epub 2004 Apr 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Female ; *Genes, erbB-1 ; Humans ; Japan ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Quinazolines/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Treatment Outcome ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-03-20
    Description: Targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy against specific subsets of molecularly defined cancers. Although most patients with lung cancer are stratified according to a single oncogenic driver, cancers harbouring identical activating genetic mutations show large variations in their responses to the same targeted therapy. The biology underlying this heterogeneity is not well understood, and the impact of co-existing genetic mutations, especially the loss of tumour suppressors, has not been fully explored. Here we use genetically engineered mouse models to conduct a 'co-clinical' trial that mirrors an ongoing human clinical trial in patients with KRAS-mutant lung cancers. This trial aims to determine if the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) increases the efficacy of docetaxel, a standard of care chemotherapy. Our studies demonstrate that concomitant loss of either p53 (also known as Tp53) or Lkb1 (also known as Stk11), two clinically relevant tumour suppressors, markedly impaired the response of Kras-mutant cancers to docetaxel monotherapy. We observed that the addition of selumetinib provided substantial benefit for mice with lung cancer caused by Kras and Kras and p53 mutations, but mice with Kras and Lkb1 mutations had primary resistance to this combination therapy. Pharmacodynamic studies, including positron-emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT), identified biological markers in mice and patients that provide a rationale for the differential efficacy of these therapies in the different genotypes. These co-clinical results identify predictive genetic biomarkers that should be validated by interrogating samples from patients enrolled on the concurrent clinical trial. These studies also highlight the rationale for synchronous co-clinical trials, not only to anticipate the results of ongoing human clinical trials, but also to generate clinically relevant hypotheses that can inform the analysis and design of human studies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385933/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385933/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Zhao -- Cheng, Katherine -- Walton, Zandra -- Wang, Yuchuan -- Ebi, Hiromichi -- Shimamura, Takeshi -- Liu, Yan -- Tupper, Tanya -- Ouyang, Jing -- Li, Jie -- Gao, Peng -- Woo, Michele S -- Xu, Chunxiao -- Yanagita, Masahiko -- Altabef, Abigail -- Wang, Shumei -- Lee, Charles -- Nakada, Yuji -- Pena, Christopher G -- Sun, Yanping -- Franchetti, Yoko -- Yao, Catherine -- Saur, Amy -- Cameron, Michael D -- Nishino, Mizuki -- Hayes, D Neil -- Wilkerson, Matthew D -- Roberts, Patrick J -- Lee, Carrie B -- Bardeesy, Nabeel -- Butaney, Mohit -- Chirieac, Lucian R -- Costa, Daniel B -- Jackman, David -- Sharpless, Norman E -- Castrillon, Diego H -- Demetri, George D -- Janne, Pasi A -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Kung, Andrew L -- Engelman, Jeffrey A -- Wong, Kwok-Kin -- 1U01CA141576/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA122794/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA137008/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA137008-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA137181/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA140594/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA147940/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K23 CA157631/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA090578/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA090578-06/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA090578/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA122794/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA122794-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137008/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137008-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137181/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA137181-01A2/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140594/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140594-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA163896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 CA147940/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 CA147940-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA141576/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA141576-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 18;483(7391):613-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Benzimidazoles/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics/metabolism ; *Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Genes, p53/genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/*drug therapy/enzymology/*genetics/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Mutation/genetics ; Pharmacogenetics/*methods ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics/metabolism ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Taxoids/*therapeutic use ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome ; ras Proteins/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solit, David B -- Janne, Pasi A -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 29;483(7387):44-5. doi: 10.1038/483044a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*enzymology ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/*drug effects ; Feedback, Physiological/*drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*agonists
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-04-28
    Description: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but these tumors invariably develop drug resistance. Here, we describe a gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer cell line that developed resistance to gefitinib as a result of focal amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. inhibition of MET signaling in these cells restored their sensitivity to gefitinib. MET amplification was detected in 4 of 18 (22%) lung cancer specimens that had developed resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. We find that amplification of MET causes gefitinib resistance by driving ERBB3 (HER3)-dependent activation of PI3K, a pathway thought to be specific to EGFR/ERBB family receptors. Thus, we propose that MET amplification may promote drug resistance in other ERBB-driven cancers as well.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Engelman, Jeffrey A -- Zejnullahu, Kreshnik -- Mitsudomi, Tetsuya -- Song, Youngchul -- Hyland, Courtney -- Park, Joon Oh -- Lindeman, Neal -- Gale, Christopher-Michael -- Zhao, Xiaojun -- Christensen, James -- Kosaka, Takayuki -- Holmes, Alison J -- Rogers, Andrew M -- Cappuzzo, Federico -- Mok, Tony -- Lee, Charles -- Johnson, Bruce E -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Janne, Pasi A -- 1K12CA87723-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM41890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K08CA120060-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P20CA90578-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA111560/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA114465-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1039-43. Epub 2007 Apr 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; CHO Cells ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy/genetics/*metabolism/*pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; *Gene Amplification ; Humans ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met ; Quinazolines/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Receptor, ErbB-3/*metabolism ; Receptors, Growth Factor/*genetics/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Sulfones/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 1986-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1992-03-15
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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