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  • 1
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    Pressure observations by the Curiosity rover - Initial results (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: [1]  REMS-P, the pressure measurement subsystem of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover Environmental Measurement Station (REMS) is performing accurate observations of the Martian atmospheric surface pressure. It has demonstrated high data quality and good temporal coverage, carrying out the first in situ pressure observations in the Martian equatorial regions. We describe the REMS-P initial results by MSL mission sol 100 including the instrument performance and data quality, and illustrate some initial interpretations of the observed features. The observations show both expected and new phenomena at various spatial and temporal scales, e.g., the gradually increasing pressure due to the advancing Martian season, signals from the diurnal tides as well as various local atmospheric phenomena and thermal vortices. Among unexpected new phenomena discovered in the pressure data are a small regular pressure drop at every sol and pressure oscillations occurring early evening. We look forward to continued high-quality observations by REMS-P, extending the data set to reveal characteristics of seasonal variations and improved insights into regional and local phenomena.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Convective vortices and dust devils at the MSL landing site: Annual variability (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: 252 transient drops in atmospheric pressure, likely caused by passing convective vortices, were detected by the REMS instrument during the first Martian year of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) landed mission. These events resembled the vortex signatures detected by the previous Mars landers Pathfinder and Phoenix, however the MSL observations contained fewer pressure drops greater than 1.5 Pa and none greater than 3.0 Pa. Apparently these vortices were generally not lifting dust since only one probable dust devil has been observed visually by MSL [Moores et al., 2015]. Since ample dust seems to be present on the surface [Arvidson et al., 2014], the obvious explanation for this is the smaller number of strong vortices with large central pressure drops. The annual variation in the number of detected convective vortices followed approximately the variation in Dust Devil Activity (DDA) predicted by the MarsWRF numerical climate model. This result does not prove, however, that the amount of dust lifted by dust devils would depend linearly on DDA, as is assumed in several numerical models of the Martian atmosphere, since dust devils are only the most intense fraction of all convective vortices on Mars, and the amount of dust that can be lifted by a dust devil depends on its central pressure drop. Sol-to-sol variations in the number of vortices were usually small. However, on one sol a sudden increase in vortex activity, related to a dust storm front, was detected.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    A Solar Escalator on Mars: Self-Lifting of Dust Layers by Radiative Heating (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-29
    Description: Dust layers detected in the atmosphere of Mars by the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instrument on the Phoenix Mars mission are explained using an atmospheric general circulation model. The layers were traced back to observed dust storm activity near the edge of the north polar ice cap where simulated surface winds exceeded the threshold for dust lifting by saltation. Heating of the atmospheric dust by solar radiation caused buoyant instability and mixing across the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Differential advection by wind shear created detached dust layers above the PBL that ascended due to radiative heating and arrived at the Phoenix site at heights corresponding to the LIDAR observations. The self-lifting of the dust layers is similar to the “solar escalator” mechanism for aerosol layers in the Earth's stratosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Mars water-ice clouds and precipitation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: The light detection and ranging instrument on the Phoenix mission observed water-ice clouds in the atmosphere of Mars that were similar to cirrus clouds on Earth. Fall streaks in the cloud structure traced the precipitation of ice crystals toward the ground. Measurements of atmospheric dust indicated that the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on Mars was well mixed, up to heights of around 4 kilometers, by the summer daytime turbulence and convection. The water-ice clouds were detected at the top of the PBL and near the ground each night in late summer after the air temperature started decreasing. The interpretation is that water vapor mixed upward by daytime turbulence and convection forms ice crystal clouds at night that precipitate back toward the surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whiteway, J A -- Komguem, L -- Dickinson, C -- Cook, C -- Illnicki, M -- Seabrook, J -- Popovici, V -- Duck, T J -- Davy, R -- Taylor, P A -- Pathak, J -- Fisher, D -- Carswell, A I -- Daly, M -- Hipkin, V -- Zent, A P -- Hecht, M H -- Wood, S E -- Tamppari, L K -- Renno, N -- Moores, J E -- Lemmon, M T -- Daerden, F -- Smith, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):68-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1172344.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. whiteway@yorku.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Spacecraft ; *Steam ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars exploration rovers: Spirit and Opportunity (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A visible atmospheric optical depth of 0.9 was measured by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater and by the Opportunity rover at Meridiani Planum. Optical depth decreased by about 0.6 to 0.7% per sol through both 90-sol primary missions. The vertical distribution of atmospheric dust at Gusev crater was consistent with uniform mixing, with a measured scale height of 11.56 +/- 0.62 kilometers. The dust's cross section weighted mean radius was 1.47 +/- 0.21 micrometers (mm) at Gusev and 1.52 +/- 0.18 mm at Meridiani. Comparison of visible optical depths with 9-mm optical depths shows a visible-to-infrared optical depth ratio of 2.0 +/- 0.2 for comparison with previous monitoring of infrared optical depths.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lemmon, M T -- Wolff, M J -- Smith, M D -- Clancy, R T -- Banfield, D -- Landis, G A -- Ghosh, A -- Smith, P H -- Spanovich, N -- Whitney, B -- Whelley, P -- Greeley, R -- Thompson, S -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1753-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. lemmon@tamu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576613" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Solar System ; Spacecraft ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    First Atmospheric Science Results from the Mars Exploration Rovers Mini-TES (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Thermal infrared spectra of the martian atmosphere taken by the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) were used to determine the atmospheric temperatures in the planetary boundary layer and the column-integrated optical depth of aerosols. Mini-TES observations show the diurnal variation of the martian boundary layer thermal structure, including a near-surface superadiabatic layer during the afternoon and an inversion layer at night. Upward-looking Mini-TES observations show warm and cool parcels of air moving through the Mini-TES field of view on a time scale of 30 seconds. The retrieved dust optical depth shows a downward trend at both sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Michael D -- Wolff, Michael J -- Lemmon, Mark T -- Spanovich, Nicole -- Banfield, Don -- Budney, Charles J -- Clancy, R Todd -- Ghosh, Amitabha -- Landis, Geoffrey A -- Smith, Peter -- Whitney, Barbara -- Christensen, Philip R -- Squyres, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1750-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. Michael.D.Smith@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Seasons ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N -- Calvin, W -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Wolff, M J -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):800-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Calvin, W -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J M -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Weitz, C M -- Wolff, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1703-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Solar and thermal radiation in Jupiter's atmosphere: initial results of the Galileo probe net flux radiometer (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-05-10
    Description: The Galileo probe net flux radiometer measured radiation within Jupiter's atmosphere over the 125-kilometer altitude range between pressures of 0.44 bar and 14 bars. Evidence for the expected ammonia cloud was seen in solar and thermal channels down to 0.5 to 0.6 bar. Between 0.6 and 10 bars large thermal fluxes imply very low gaseous opacities and provide no evidence for a deep water cloud. Near 8 bars the water vapor abundance appears to be about 10 percent of what would be expected for a solar abundance of oxygen. Below 8 bars, measurements suggest an increasing water abundance with depth or a deep cloud layer. Ammonia appears to follow a significantly subsaturated profile above 3 bars. Unexpectedly high absorption of sunlight was found at wavelengths greater than 600 nanometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sromovsky, L A -- Best, F A -- Collard, A D -- Fry, P M -- Revercomb, H E -- Freedman, R S -- Orton, G S -- Hayden, J L -- Tomasko, M G -- Lemmon, M T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 May 10;272(5263):851-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8629018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/*analysis ; *Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Oxygen/analysis ; Pressure ; Radiometry ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    H2O at the Phoenix landing site (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: The Phoenix mission investigated patterned ground and weather in the northern arctic region of Mars for 5 months starting 25 May 2008 (solar longitude between 76.5 degrees and 148 degrees ). A shallow ice table was uncovered by the robotic arm in the center and edge of a nearby polygon at depths of 5 to 18 centimeters. In late summer, snowfall and frost blanketed the surface at night; H(2)O ice and vapor constantly interacted with the soil. The soil was alkaline (pH = 7.7) and contained CaCO(3), aqueous minerals, and salts up to several weight percent in the indurated surface soil. Their formation likely required the presence of water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, P H -- Tamppari, L K -- Arvidson, R E -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Boynton, W V -- Carswell, A -- Catling, D C -- Clark, B C -- Duck, T -- Dejong, E -- Fisher, D -- Goetz, W -- Gunnlaugsson, H P -- Hecht, M H -- Hipkin, V -- Hoffman, J -- Hviid, S F -- Keller, H U -- Kounaves, S P -- Lange, C F -- Lemmon, M T -- Madsen, M B -- Markiewicz, W J -- Marshall, J -- McKay, C P -- Mellon, M T -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Pike, W T -- Renno, N -- Staufer, U -- Stoker, C -- Taylor, P -- Whiteway, J A -- Zent, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):58-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1172339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. psmith@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574383" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium Carbonate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Robotics ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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