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Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to heavy metal uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in pot culture with contaminated soil (1995)

Weissenhorn, I. ; Leyval, C. ; Belgy, G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 245-251

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Glomus mosseae ; Heavy metals Indigenous mycorrhiza ; Tolerance ; Transfer

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In two pot-culture experiments with maize in a silty loam (P2 soil) contaminated by atmospheric deposition from a metal smelter, root colonization with indigenous or introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their influence on plant metal uptake (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn) were investigated. Soil was γ-irradiated for the nonmycorrhizal control. In experiment 1, nonirradiated soil provided the mycorrhizal treatment, whereas in experiment 2 the irradiated soil was inoculated with spores of a fungal culture from P2 soil or a laboratory reference culture, Glomus mosseae. Light intensity was considerably higher in experiment 2 and resulted in a fourfold higher shoot and tenfold higher root biomass. Under the conditions of experiment 1, biomass was significantly higher and Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations significantly lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the nonmycorrhizal plants, suggesting a protection against metal toxicity. In contrast, in experiment 2, biomass did not differ between treatments and only Cu root concentration was decreased with G. mosseae-inoculated plants, whereas Cu shoot concentration was significantly increased with the indigenous P2 fungal culture. The latter achieved a significantly higher root colonization than G. mosseae (31.7 and 19.1%, respectively) suggesting its higher metal tolerance. Zn shoot concentration was higher in both mycorrhizal treatments and Pb concentrations, particularly in the roots, also tended to increase with mycorrhizal colonization. Cd concentrations were not altered between treatments. Cu and Zn, but not Pb and Cd root-shoot translocation increased with mycorrhizal colonization. The results show that the influence of AM on plant metal uptake depends on plant growth conditions, on the fungal partner and on the metal, and cannot be generalized. It is suggested that metal-tolerant mycorrhizal inoculants might be considered for soil reclamation, since under adverse conditions AM may be more important for plant metal resistance. Under the optimized conditions of normal agricultural practice, however, AM colonization even may increase plant metal absorption from polluted soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204957

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to heavy metal uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in pot culture with contaminated soil (1995)

Weissenhorn, I. ; Leyval, C. ; Belgy, G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 245-251

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Heavy metals ; Indigenous mycorrhiza ; Tolerance ; Transfer

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In two pot-culture experiments with maize in a silty loam (P2 soil) contaminated by atmospheric deposition from a metal smelter, root colonization with indigenous or introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their influence on plant metal uptake (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn) were investigated. Soil was γ-irradiated for the nonmycorrhizal control. In experiment 1, nonirradiated soil provided the mycorrhizal treatment, whereas in experiment 2 the irradiated soil was inoculated with spores of a fungal culture from P2 soil or a laboratory reference culture, Glomus mosseae. Light intensity was considerably higher in experiment 2 and resulted in a fourfold higher shoot and tenfold higher root biomass. Under the conditions of experiment 1, biomass was significantly higher and Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations significantly lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the nonmycorrhizal plants, suggesting a protection against metal toxicity. In contrast, in experiment 2, biomass did not differ between treatments and only Cu root concentration was decreased with G. mosseae-inoculated plants, whereas Cu shoot concentration was significantly increased with the indigenous P2 fungal culture. The latter achieved a significantly higher root colonization than G. mosseae (31.7 and 19.1%, respectively) suggesting its higher metal tolerance. Zn shoot concentration was higher in both mycorrhizal treatments and Pb concentrations, particularly in the roots, also tended to increase with mycorrhizal colonization. Cd concentrations were not altered between treatments. Cu and Zn, but not Pb and Cd root-shoot translocation increased with mycorrhizal colonization. The results show that the influence of AM on plant metal uptake depends on plant growth conditions, on the fungal partner and on the metal, and cannot be generalized. It is suggested that metal-tolerant mycorrhizal inoculants might be considered for soil reclamation, since under adverse conditions AM may be more important for plant metal resistance. Under the optimized conditions of normal agricultural practice, however, AM colonization even may increase plant metal absorption from polluted soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204957

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Effect of heavy metal pollution on mycorrhizal colonization and function: physiological, ecological and applied aspects (1997)

Leyval, C. ; Turnau, K. ; Haselwandter, K.

Springer

Mycorrhiza 7 (1997), S. 139-153

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Ectomycorrhizas ; Ericoid mycorrhizas ; Heavy metals ; Soils

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract High concentrations of heavy metals in soil have an adverse effect on micro-organisms and microbial processes. Among soil microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi are the only ones providing a direct link between soil and roots, and can therefore be of great importance in heavy metal availability and toxicity to plants. This review discusses various aspects of the interactions between heavy metals and mycorrhizal fungi, including the effects of heavy metals on the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi, heavy metal tolerance in these micro-organisms, and their effect on metal uptake and transfer to plants. Mechanisms involved in metal tolerance, uptake and accumulation by mycorrhizal hyphae and by endo- or ectomycorrhizae are covered. The possible use of mycorrhizal fungi as bioremediation agents in polluted soils or as bioindicators of pollution is also discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050174

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Bioavailability of heavy metals and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza in a soil polluted by atmospheric deposition from a smelter (1995)

Weissenhorn, I. ; Leyval, C. ; Berthelin, J.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 22-28

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Limed silty loam Heavy metals ; Pb-Zn smelter ; Root colonization Spore numbers ; Tolerance ; Zea mays

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) were studied in two agricultural fields close to a Pb-Zn smelter and three fields outside the pollution zone all cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.). Metal extractability with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-NH4OAc and Ca(NO3)2, plant metal uptake, and mycorrhizal parameters (spore number, root colonization) were assessed at two growth stages (six-leaf and maturity). Despite regular liming, the availability of Cd, Zn, and Pb was markedly higher in the two metal-polluted fields than in the three uncontaminated fields. However, the AM abundance was not correlated with metal availability. Root colonization and spore numbers in the metal polluted fields were relatively high, though at plant maturity the former was significantly lower than in one of the uncontaminated fields. The very low AM abundance in the two other unpolluted fields was related to other factors, particular soil and plant P status and soil pH. AM root colonization did not substantially prevent plant metal accumulation, since the metal concentrations in maize grown on the polluted fields strongly exceeded normal values, and for Cd and Pb reached the limits of toxicity for animal feed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336342

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Interactions betweenLaccaria laccata, Agrobacterium radiobacter and beech roots: Influence on P, K, Mg, and Fe mobilization from minerals and plant growth (1989)

Leyval, C. ; Berthelin, J.

Springer

Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 103-110

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Agrobacterium radiobacter ; ectomycorrhiza ; Fagus silvatica L. ; Laccaria laccata ; mica ; organic acids ; P-solubilizing bacteria ; rock phosphate

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Fagus silvatica L. inoculated or not with the ectomycorrhizal fungusLaccaria laccata and/or a phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacterium,Agrobacterium radiobacter, was cultivated in a greenhouse in lysimeter cylinders containing rock phosphate and a mica (phlogopite) as the only sources of P, Fe, Mg and Al. After two years, beech dry matter and P, Mg, Fe and K uptake were higher for plants inoculated—either withAgrobacterium radiobacter or withLaccaria laccata, but not for those plants inoculated with both micro-organisms—than for uninoculated plants. Mineral element mobilization from rock phosphate and from phlogopite was also greater when plants were inoculated with the bacteria or with the ectomycorrhizal fungi. Such mineral element dissolution can be related to the increased root growth but also to the amount of organic acids released in the rhizosphere. The absence of significant effects of dual inoculation suggested competition between micro-organisms.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206262

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Cd-tolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from heavy-metal polluted soils (1993)

Weissenhorn, I. ; Leyval, C. ; Berthelin, J.

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 247-256

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: cadmium ; ecotypes ; AM fungi ; Glomus mosseae ; heavy metals ; soil pollution ; spore germination ; tolerance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were isolated from two heavy-metal polluted soils in France via trap culture with leek (Allium porrum L.). Preliminary identification showed that the predominant spore type of both cultures (P2 and Cd40) belongs to the Glomus mosseae group. Their sensitivity to cadmium was compared to a laboratory reference strain (G. mosseae) by in vitro germination tests with cadmium nitrate solutions at a range of concentrations (0 to 100 mg L−1) as well as extracts from a metal-polluted and unpolluted soils. Both cultures of AM fungi from heavy-metal polluted soils were more tolerant to cadmium than the G. mosseae reference strain. The graphically estimated EC50 was 0.8 mg L−1 Cd (concentration added to the test device) for G. mosseae and 7 mg L−1 for P2 culture, corresponding to effective Cd concentrations of approximately 50–70 μg L−1 and 200–500 μg L−1, respectively. The extract of the metal-polluted soil P2 decreased germination of spores from the reference G. mosseae but not from P2 culture. However, the extracts of two unpolluted soils with different physico-chemical characteristics did not affect G. mosseae, whereas germination of P2 spores was markedly decreased in the presence of one of the extracts. These results indicate a potential adaptation of AM fungi to elevated metal concentrations in soil. The tested spores may be considered as metal-tolerant ecotypes. Spore germination results in presence of soil extracts show the difficulty of assessing the ecotoxic effect of metals on AM fungi without considering other soil factors that may interfere in spore germination and hyphal extension.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011053

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Differential tolerance to Cd and Zn of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal spores isolated from heavy metal-polluted and unpolluted soils (1994)

Weissenhorn, I. ; Glashoff, A. ; Leyval, C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 189-196

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: AM fungi ; Glomus ; heavy metals ; spore germination ; tolerance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from two soils of field trials at INRA-Bordeaux (France) polluted by long-term application of a zinc-polluted sewage sludge (S2 soil) or treated with cadmium nitrate (Cd40 soil) and from corresponding unpolluted soils (F and Cd0 soils). These AM fungi were tested for their tolerance to Cd and Zn added as salt solutions with increasing concentrations (0 to 10 mg L−1) in a simple spore germination device. According to preliminary identification the predominant species in S2 and F cultures was Glomus mosseae, whereas Cd40 and Cd0 cultures contained a mixture of at least G. mosseae and G. etunicatum. Germination of Cd40 spores was more tolerant to Cd and Zn than for Cd0 spores, with EC50 values of 73 and 158 μmol L−1 added Cd and Zn corresponding to approximately 10 and 13 μmol L−1 remaining in solution in the device. The S2 spores from the sludge contaminated soil were more tolerant to Zn (EC50=87 μmol L−1), but not to Cd (EC50=7.5 μmol L−1), than the spores from the farmyard manure-treated F soil (EC50=38 and 8.8 μmol L−1, respectively). Thus, S2 culture exhibited a specific tolerance to Zn, which was lower than the unspecific tolerance of Cd40 culture to both Cd and Zn, despite the much higher Zn availability in S2 soil. These results indicate that AM fungi from different soils may differ in their metal susceptibility and that both metal specific and unspecific tolerance mechanisms may be selected in metal polluted soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007944

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Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of ryegrass (2000)

Binet, Ph. ; Portal, J.M. ; Leyval, C.

Springer

Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 207-213

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: adsorption ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; biodegradation ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; rhizosphere ; soil

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be degraded in the rhizosphere but may also interact with vegetation by accumulation in plant tissues or adsorption on root surface. Previous studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contribute to the establishment and maintenance of plants in a PAH contaminated soil. We investigated the fate of PAH in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere including biodegradation, uptake and adsorption. Experiments were conducted with ryegrass inoculated or not with Glomus mosseae P2 (BEG 69) and cultivated in pots filled with soil spiked with 5 g kg−1 of anthracene or with 1 g kg−1 of a mixture of 8 PAH in a growth chamber. PAH were extracted from root surfaces, root and shoot tissue and rhizosphere soil and were analysed by GC-MS. In both experiments, 0.006 – 0.11‰ of the initial extractable PAH concentration were adsorbed to roots, 0.003 – 0.16‰ were found in root tissue, 0.001‰ in shoot tissue and 36 – 66% were dissipated, suggesting that the major part of PAH dissipation in rhizosphere soil was due to biodegradation or biotransformation. With mycorrhizal plants, anthracene and PAH were less adsorbed to roots and shoot tissue concentrations were lower than with non mycorrhizal plants, which could contribute to explain the beneficial effect of AM fungi on plant survival in PAH contaminated soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026587418611

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Root colonization of maize by a Cd-sensitive and a Cd-tolerant Glomus mosseae and cadmium uptake in sand culture (1995)

Weissenhorn, I. ; Leyval, C.

Springer

Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 233-238

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) ; Cd ; Glomus mosseae ; phytotoxicity ; tolerance ; Zea mays

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A Cd-tolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, isolated from a polluted soil (P2 culture), was compared with a Cd-sensitive reference Glomus mosseae (Gm) for its capacity to colonize maize (Zea mays L.) roots and to affect plant growth and Cd uptake in sand culture at increasing exposure to Cd added with the nutrient solution (0, 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 mg L-1). After eight weeks, mycorrhizal colonization by P2 culture was relatively high (50% of the control without Cd added) up to 5 mg L-1 Cd, whereas colonization by Gm was almost totally suppressed at that Cd level. However, even mycorrhizal colonization by the Cd-tolerant P2 culture appeared more sensitive to Cd than plant growth and was completely suppressed at 10 mg L-1 Cd. AM colonization did not alleviate the negative effect of Cd on plant growth compared to the non-mycorrhizal treatment. On the contrary, at the 5 mg L-1 Cd level non-mycorrhizal plants were greater than mycorrhizal plants with lower Cd concentration.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011359

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