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  • 1
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    Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable (2019)
    In:  Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Leaf and stem economics spectra drive diversity of functional plant traits in a dynamic global vegetation model (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: Functional diversity is critical for ecosystem dynamics, stability and productivity. However, dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) which are increasingly used to simulate ecosystem functions under global change, condense functional diversity to Plant Functional Types (PFTs) with constant parameters. Here, we develop an individual- and trait-based version of the dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) LPJmL (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land) called LPJmL-FIT (LPJmL with Flexible Individual Traits) which we apply to generate plant trait maps for the Amazon basin. LPJmL-FIT incorporates empirical ranges of five traits of tropical trees extracted from the TRY global plant trait database, namely specific leaf area ( SLA ), leaf longevity ( LL ), leaf nitrogen content ( N area ), the maximum carboxylation rate of RUBISCO per leaf area ( Vcmax area ), and wood density ( WD ). To scale the individual growth performance of trees, the leaf traits are linked by trade-offs based on the leaf economics spectrum, whereas wood density is linked to tree mortality. No pre-selection of growth strategies is taking place, because individuals with unique trait combinations are uniformly distributed at tree establishment. We validate the modeled trait distributions by empirical trait data and the modeled biomass by a remote sensing product along a climatic gradient. Including trait variability and trade-offs successfully predicts natural trait distributions and achieves a more realistic representation of functional diversity at the local to regional scale. As sites of high climatic variability, the fringes of the Amazon promote trait divergence and the coexistence of multiple tree growth strategies, whilst lower plant trait diversity is found in the species-rich center of the region with relatively low climatic variability. LPJmL-FIT enables to test hypotheses on the effects of functional biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and to apply the DGVM to current challenges in ecosystem management from local to global scales, i.e. deforestation and climate change effects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-29
    Description: Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, "surplus land" for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schroter, Dagmar -- Cramer, Wolfgang -- Leemans, Rik -- Prentice, I Colin -- Araujo, Miguel B -- Arnell, Nigel W -- Bondeau, Alberte -- Bugmann, Harald -- Carter, Timothy R -- Gracia, Carlos A -- de la Vega-Leinert, Anne C -- Erhard, Markus -- Ewert, Frank -- Glendining, Margaret -- House, Joanna I -- Kankaanpaa, Susanna -- Klein, Richard J T -- Lavorel, Sandra -- Lindner, Marcus -- Metzger, Marc J -- Meyer, Jeannette -- Mitchell, Timothy D -- Reginster, Isabelle -- Rounsevell, Mark -- Sabate, Santi -- Sitch, Stephen -- Smith, Ben -- Smith, Jo -- Smith, Pete -- Sykes, Martin T -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- Thuiller, Wilfried -- Tuck, Gill -- Zaehle, Sonke -- Zierl, Barbel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 25;310(5752):1333-7. Epub 2005 Oct 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. dagmar.schroeter@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Carbon ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Trees/growth & development ; Urban Population ; Water Supply ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models (2016)
    M.O Johnson, D Galbraith, E Gloor, H De Deurwaerder, M Guimberteau, A Rammig, K Thonicke, H Verbeeck, C von Randow, A Monteagudo, O. L Phillips, R.J.W Brienen, T. R Feldpausch, G Lopez Gonzalez, S Fauset, C. A Quesada, B Christoffersen, P Ciais, S Gilvan, B Kruijt, P Meir, P Moorcroft, K Zhang, E. A Alvarez, A Alves de Oliveira, I Amaral, A Andrade, L.E.O. C Aragao, A Araujo-Murakami, E.J.M. M Arets, L Arroyo, G. A Aymard, C Baraloto, J Barroso, D Bonal, R Boot, J Camargo, J Chave, A Cogollo, F Valverde Cornejo, L da Costa, A di Fiore, L Ferreira, N Higuchi, E Honorio, T J Killeen, S. G Laurance, W. F Laurance, J Licona, T Lovejoy, Y Malhi, B Marimon, B. H Junior Marimon, D.C. L Matos, C Mendoza, D. A Neill, G Pardo, M Peña-Claros, N.C. A Pitman, L Poorter, A Prieto, H Ramirez-Angulo, A Roopsind, A Rudas, R. P Salomao, M Silveira, J Stropp, H ter Steege, J Terborgh, R Thomas, M Toledo, A Torres-Lezama, G.M.F van der Heijden, R Vasquez, I Vieira, E Vilanova, V. A Vos, T. R Baker
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-16
    Description: Understanding the processes that determine aboveground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity (woody NPP) and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size-structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influence AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates, and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP, and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Climate extremes and the carbon cycle (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to increase global terrestrial carbon uptake. But evidence is mounting that climate extremes such as droughts or storms can lead to a decrease in regional ecosystem carbon stocks and therefore have the potential to negate an expected increase in terrestrial carbon uptake. Here we explore the mechanisms and impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle, and propose a pathway to improve our understanding of present and future impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon budget.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reichstein, Markus -- Bahn, Michael -- Ciais, Philippe -- Frank, Dorothea -- Mahecha, Miguel D -- Seneviratne, Sonia I -- Zscheischler, Jakob -- Beer, Christian -- Buchmann, Nina -- Frank, David C -- Papale, Dario -- Rammig, Anja -- Smith, Pete -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- van der Velde, Marijn -- Vicca, Sara -- Walz, Ariane -- Wattenbach, Martin -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 15;500(7462):287-95. doi: 10.1038/nature12350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. markus.reichstein@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23955228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Cycle ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Plants/metabolism ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Enhanced seasonal CO2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: Atmospheric monitoring of high northern latitudes (above 40 degrees N) has shown an enhanced seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) since the 1960s, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The much stronger increase in high latitudes relative to low ones suggests that northern ecosystems are experiencing large changes in vegetation and carbon cycle dynamics. We found that the latitudinal gradient of the increasing CO2 amplitude is mainly driven by positive trends in photosynthetic carbon uptake caused by recent climate change and mediated by changing vegetation cover in northern ecosystems. Our results underscore the importance of climate-vegetation-carbon cycle feedbacks at high latitudes; moreover, they indicate that in recent decades, photosynthetic carbon uptake has reacted much more strongly to warming than have carbon release processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forkel, Matthias -- Carvalhais, Nuno -- Rodenbeck, Christian -- Keeling, Ralph -- Heimann, Martin -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- Zaehle, Sonke -- Reichstein, Markus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):696-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4971. Epub 2016 Jan 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at ncarval@bgc-jena.mpg.de. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. CENSE, Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal. matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at ncarval@bgc-jena.mpg.de. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. Michael-Stifel-Center Jena for Data-driven and Simulation Science, 07743 Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Photosynthesis ; Plants/*metabolism ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The Lund–Potsdam–Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ) combines process-based, large-scale representations of terrestrial vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges in a modular framework. Features include feedback through canopy conductance between photosynthesis and transpiration and interactive coupling between these ‘fast’ processes and other ecosystem processes including resource competition, tissue turnover, population dynamics, soil organic matter and litter dynamics and fire disturbance. Ten plants functional types (PFTs) are differentiated by physiological, morphological, phenological, bioclimatic and fire-response attributes. Resource competition and differential responses to fire between PFTs influence their relative fractional cover from year to year. Photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and soil water dynamics are modelled on a daily time step, while vegetation structure and PFT population densities are updated annually.Simulations have been made over the industrial period both for specific sites where field measurements were available for model evaluation, and globally on a 0.5°° × 0.5°° grid. Modelled vegetation patterns are consistent with observations, including remotely sensed vegetation structure and phenology. Seasonal cycles of net ecosystem exchange and soil moisture compare well with local measurements. Global carbon exchange fields used as input to an atmospheric tracer transport model (TM2) provided a good fit to observed seasonal cycles of CO2 concentration at all latitudes. Simulated inter-annual variability of the global terrestrial carbon balance is in phase with and comparable in amplitude to observed variability in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2. Global terrestrial carbon and water cycle parameters (pool sizes and fluxes) lie within their accepted ranges. The model is being used to study past, present and future terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, biochemical and biophysical interactions between ecosystems and the atmosphere, and as a component of coupled Earth system models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x
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  • 8
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    Multi-model assessment of climate change impacts on Arctic infrastructure (2018)
    In:  EPIC315th International Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium, Potsdam, Germany, 2018-09-10-2018-09-15
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 9
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    Identifying environmental controls on vegetation greenness phenology through model-data integration (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
    Description: Existing dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have a~limited ability in reproducing phenology and decadal dynamics of vegetation greenness as observed by satellites. These limitations in reproducing observations reflect a poor understanding and description of the environmental controls on phenology, which strongly influence the ability to simulate longer term vegetation dynamics, e.g. carbon allocation. Combining DGVMs with observational data sets can potentially help to revise current modelling approaches and thus to enhance the understanding of processes that control seasonal to long-term vegetation greenness dynamics. Here we implemented a~new phenology model within the LPJmL (Lund Potsdam Jena managed lands) DGVM and integrated several observational data sets to improve the ability of the model in reproducing satellite-derived time series of vegetation greenness. Specifically, we optimized LPJmL parameters against observational time series of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (FAPAR), albedo and gross primary production to identify the main environmental controls for seasonal vegetation greenness dynamics. We demonstrated that LPJmL with new phenology and optimized parameters better reproduces seasonality, inter-annual variability and trends of vegetation greenness. Our results indicate that soil water availability is an important control on vegetation phenology not only in water-limited biomes but also in boreal forests and the arctic tundra. Whereas water availability controls phenology in water-limited ecosystems during the entire growing season, water availability co-modulates jointly with temperature the beginning of the growing season in boreal and arctic regions. Additionally, water availability contributes to better explain decadal greening trends in the Sahel and browning trends in boreal forests. These results emphasize the importance of considering water availability in a new generation of phenology modules in DGVMs in order to correctly reproduce observed seasonal to decadal dynamics of vegetation greenness.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    A probabilistic risk assessment for the vulnerability of the European carbon cycle to extreme events: the ecosystem perspective (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
    Description: Extreme meteorological events are most likely to occur more often with climate change, leading to a further acceleration of climate change through potentially devastating effects on terrestrial ecosystems. But not all extreme meteorological events lead to extreme ecosystem response. Unlike most current studies, we therefore focus on pre-defined hazardous ecosystem behaviour and the identification of coinciding meteorological conditions, instead of expected ecosystem damage for a pre-defined meteorological event. We use a simple probabilistic risk assessment based on time series of ecosystem behaviour and meteorological conditions. Given the risk assessment terminology, vulnerability and risk for the previously defined hazard are, thus, estimated on the basis of observed hazardous ecosystem behaviour. We first adapt this generic approach to extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystems to drought and high temperatures, with defining the hazard as a negative net biome productivity over a 12 months period. Further, we show an instructive application for two selected sites using data for 1981–2010; and then apply the method on pan-European scale addressing the 1981–2010 period and future projections for 2071–2100, both based on numerical modelling results (LPJmL for ecosystem behaviour; REMO-SRES A1B for climate). Our site-specific results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, using the SPEI index to describe the meteorological condition. They also provide examples for their interpretation in case of vulnerability to drought for Spain with the expected value of the SPEI being 0.4 lower for hazardous than for non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour, and of non-vulnerability for Northern Germany, where the expected drought index value for hazard observations relates to wetter conditions than for the non-hazard observations. The pan-European assessment shows that significant results could be obtained for large areas within Europe. For 2071–2100 they indicate a shift towards vulnerability to drought, mainly in the central and north-eastern parts of Europe, where negative net biome productivity was not used to be associated with drought. In Southern parts of Europe, considerable vulnerability and risk to drought have been identified already under current conditions; in future, the difference in SPEI between hazardous and non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour as well as the frequency of hazardous ecosystem behaviour will increase further. Vulnerability decreased only for the border region between Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, where a change in ecosystem types occurred with less vulnerable plant species in the future. These first model-based applications indicate the conceptional advantages of the proposed method by focusing on the identification of critical meteorological conditions for which we observe hazardous ecosystem behaviour in the analysed dataset. Application of the method to empirical time series would be an important next step to test the methods.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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