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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 221-234 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Delia antiqua ; Hylemya ; Anthomyiidae ; onion fly ; onion maggot ; visual behaviour ; colour stimuli ; ultraviolet stimuli ; UV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'interaction des ondes ultraviolettes (UV=350–400 n nm) et des ondes visibles (VISIBLE=400–650 nm) sur le fonctionnement visuel de la mouche de l'oignon, Delia antiqua, a été examinée par le mesurage des descentes spontanées sur des pièges variés, construits de carton gluant, qui reflète le UV ou non, dans des champs d'oignons. Les descentes furent en rapport négativement avec le pour-cent de la réflexion de l'UV (350 nm) et du vert (540–580 nm), et en rapport positivement avec la réflexion du bleu (430–470 nm). Le chiffre des descentes était en rapport directement avec la porportion ‘stimulantes’/‘inhibitantes’ des ondes reflétées. Les mâles et les femelles étaent comparables en leurs réponses aux ondes UV et VISIBLES reflétées, sauf que les mâles fussent plus sensibles que les femelles aux surfaces blanches et UV-reflétantes. Une modèle d'analyse multiple de regression qui prenait en considération les intensités des trois ondes significatives, 350, 450 et 560 nm, en tant que les variables indépendants, a expliqué 90% de la variation en la réponse combinée des mâles et des femelles à la réflexion spectrale des pièges. Ces resultats indiquent que quelques fonctionnements visuels de la D. antiqua sont une fonction des données sensorielles de la distribution spectrale entière du stimulus, pas seulement une fonction des ondes dominantes ou de la teinte.
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of ultraviolet (UV=350–400 nm) and visible (VISIBLE=400–650 nm) wavelengths in the visual behaviour of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen), was examined by measuring spontaneous alightment on various UV- and non-UV-reflecting, sticky cardboard traps in onion fields. Alightment on traps was negatively correlated with the percent UV (350 nm) and green (540–580 nm) reflectance and positively correlated with the percent blue (430–470 nm) reflectance. Alightment varied directly with the ratio of ‘stimulatory’/‘inhibitory’ reflected wavelengths. Males and females were similar in their response to both UV and VISIBLE wavelength reflectance, with the exception that males were more sensitive than females to UV-reflecting white surfaces. A multiple regression model, that used the intensity of 3 key wavelengths, 350, 450 and 560 nm, as independent variables, explained 90% of the variation in the combined male and female response to spectral reflectance from traps. These results indicate that some visual behaviours of D. antiqua are a function of the integration of sensory input from the entire spectral distribution of the stimulus, and not simply the dominant wavelengths or hue.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; pheromone-based mating disruption ; Spilonota ocellana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over-ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha-1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha-1 h-1. The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; P.mespilella ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (E10)-dodecenyl acetate ; (E4,E10)-dodecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E4,E10)-dodecadienyl acetate (E4,E10-12∶OAc) is a newly discovered sex pheromone component of the tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter mespilella (Hübner). In apple orchards, traps baited with 1Μg ofE4,E1012∶OAc attractedP. mespilella in British Columbia andP. blancardella (F.) in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia. The compound was identified inP. mespilella by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic analysis (GC-EAD) of pheromone gland extracts, retention index calculations, EAD profiles toE3 toE10 dodecenyl acetates, and synthesis of candidate pheromone components. Even thoughE4,E10-12∶OAc was not detected in gland extracts by GC-mass spectroscopy, several factors indicate that it is female-produced. Antennal responses to gland extracts coincided with authenticE4,E10-12∶OAc on four GC columns with different retention characteristics.E4,E10-12∶OAc andE10-12∶OAc, a known female-produced pheromone component, elicited equally strong EAD responses. In field tests,E4,E10-12∶OAc was two to four times more attractive thanE10-12∶OAc. There was no additive or synergistic effect between the two components.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Spilonota ocellana ; eye-spotted bud moth ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), to different ratios of synthetic sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH), were compared in four North American locations and in one location in The Netherlands. In British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Michigan, and The Netherlands, a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captured significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone or binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH. In Ontario, where population sizes were low compared to the other four locations, trends in trap catches were similar, and there was no indication that maleS. ocellana responded differently to the tested pheromone blends. A 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH should be most effective in pheromone-based control programs ofS. ocellana in North America and in The Netherlands. Our results confirm earlier studies that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captures significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone. However, our finding that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH is significantly more attractive than binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH differs from previous findings in Germany and Switzerland.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 621-635 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Delia antiqua ; onion maggot ; onion fly ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; group oviposition ; aggregation pheromone ; ovipositional host-finding ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments conducted in the laboratory tested the hypotheses that aggregated oviposition by onion maggot flies,Delia antiqua (Meigen), is caused by stimuli associated with ovipositing females, newly laid eggs, or both. Using a paired oviposition station bioassay that eliminated visual stimuli associated with the treatment under study, 67% of the eggs laid by caged females were in response to the odor of females already ovipositing on an onion slice, as opposed to 33% of the eggs laid in response to an onion slice alone. When newly laid eggs were transferred to onion slices and held for either 24 or 48 hr before being bioassayed against similarly aged untreated onions, 74% and 97% of the eggs were laid at the egg-treated onion stations, respectively. Similar results were achieved when an aqueous wash of newly laid eggs was applied to the onion slice. When the egg wash was processed through a bacterial filter or when eggs were present but not in contact with onions, all response was eliminated. These results implicate microorganisms transmitted on the egg surface in creating an attraction for ovipositing females. Heptane extracts of ovipositor tips from mated, ovipositing females induced 72% of the test females to oviposit near points at which extracts were applied to the oviposition station floor. A behavioral sequence for an optimal host-selection strategy is hypothesized, whereby host-seeking female onion flies respond to host-derived alkyl sulfides at long range and metabolic by-products of microbially infested hosts and visual cues at short range (ca. l m), with final selection of oviposition sites potentially reinforced by contact with an aggregation pheromone released or left on the substrate by ovipositing females.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Campylomma verbasci ; Miridae ; mullein bug ; sex pheromones ; communication disruption ; sensory imbalance ; camouflage ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trapping experiments were conducted in orchards to test the hypothesis that exposure of the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), to atmospheres permeated with its synthetic sex pheromone, a 94:6 blend of butyl butyrate (BB) and (E)-crotyl butyrate (CB), or BB or CB alone, would alter the pheromone responses of males toward off-ratio blends. Exposure to the natural 94:6 blend shifted the response preference away from the natural ratio to blends enriched in BB, including a 99:1 blend, which is normally significantly less attractive than the natural ratio. In an atmosphere permeated with CB, male mullein bugs were as responsive to blends containing 20, 33, and 43% CB, up to seven times the natural percentage, as they were to the 94:6 blend. In an atmosphere permeated with BB, responses to five blends ranging from 94:6 to 99:1 BB:CB were not significantly different, whereas in an untreated atmosphere blends of 98:2 and 99:1 were significantly less attractive than the 94:6 blend. Individual components appeared to disrupt pheromone communication primarily through the creation of a sensory imbalance and modified interpretation of pheromone blend ratios, whereas disruption by the complete pheromone blend apparently involves several mechanisms, including false-trail following and camouflage. Disruption of pheromone communication was most effective with the natural 94:6 sex pheromone blend.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; Pandemis limitata ; Tortricidae ; leafrollers ; communication disruption ; sex pheromone ; pheromone antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In British Columbia, trapping and wind-tunnel studies demonstrated that (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), a minor component of the sex pheromone for Pandemis limitata, acted as a pheromone antagonist to a sympatric species, Choristoneura rosaceana. Addition of 〉1% Z9–14:OAc to the four-component C. rosaceana pheromone in a wind tunnel resulted in significant reductions in the proportion of male C. rosaceana that wing fanned, locked on to the plume in flight, oriented upwind, and made source contact, compared to the responses to the pheromone alone. Disruption of pheromone communication was tested in 33.3 × 33.3-m plots, at a release rate of 10 mg/ha/hr using Conrel fiber dispensers. Z9–14:OAc applied alone did not disrupt orientation to virgin-female-baited traps for either C. rosaceana or P. limitata. A 1:1 mixture of Z9–14:OAc and the four-component C. rosaceana pheromone was as effective as the pheromone alone at disrupting orientation of C. rosaceana males to virgin-female-baited traps, demonstrating that disruption apparently did not occur through false-trail following. The 1:1 mixture of Z9–14:OAc and the C. rosaceana pheromone also reduced catches of P. limitata males in virgin-female-baited traps, but not significantly more than the 83% disruption caused by the pheromone alone. Therefore, the C. rosaceana pheromone could be used alone or with Z9–14:OAc to disrupt communication and, presumably, mating in both leafrollers simultaneously.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 605-620 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Delia antique ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; onion fly ; onion maggot ; host finding ; olfactory behavior ; resource distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using traps baited with natural and synthetic onion volatiles, we examined the effects of different habitats and mating on the olfactory behavior of laboratory-reared and wild onion flies. Rankings of olfactory treatments as host-finding stimuli for females were dependent on their mating status and the habitat in which they were foraging. In habitats devoid of hosts, traps baited with individual alkyl sulfides were as effective as 4-day-old chopped onions and more effective than 1-day-old onions in eliciting host-finding behavior in laboratory-reared unmated females (LUF) and laboratory-reared mated females (LMF). However, upwind dispersal and percent recapture were always significantly greater in LUF. In one experiment, Pr2S2 was 19 times more attractive to LMF in a fallow field, as than it was in an onion field. Reduced effectiveness of alkyl sulfides as host-finding stimuli in onion fields probably results in part because they are less findable, but more importantly because of a change in searching behavior after females have mated. Evidence to support the latter contention is that traps baited with alkyl sulfides and onions were equally findable by unmated females in both habitats. The behavior of LMF was identical to that of wild females, whereas the behavior of LUF was identical to wild males. The hypothesis that olfactory host-finding behavior in onion flies is modified by the resource level was upheld. Alkyl sulfides appear to be the primary, and possibly the only, chemical effectors of host-finding at the patch level of resource distribution, whereas the complex blend emitted by aged, chopped, or damaged onions appears to be acting at the final level of host-finding, while egg-laying females are moving between adjacent hosts in search of an optimal oviposition site.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips argyrospilus ; fruit-tree leaf roller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; dodecan-1-ol acetate ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, the pheromone blend of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E 11-14:OAc), (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-14:OAc) and dodecan-1-ol acetate (12: OAc) at a 100∶64∶2∶1 ratio (western FTLR blend) attracted significantly more male fruit-tree leaf roller (FTLR),Archips argyrospilus (Walker), than did the previously reported four-component blend and modifications thereof. Addition of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH) to the western FTLR blend in a ratio of 4% relative toZ11-14: OAc further significantly enhanced attraction. Compounds were identified and their ratio determined by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometric analyses of female FTLR pheromone gland extracts and by retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components. Determination and use of geographically specific pheromonal blends may be required for optimal, semiochemical-based biorational control of FTLR and other lepidopteran orchard pests.
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