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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    The geology of Macquarie Island (1984)
    Kingston : Australian Nat. Antarctic Research Expeditions
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-124-21
    In: ANARE research notes
    Description / Table of Contents: The various rock lithologies present on Macquarie Island are described in detail together with their mode of occurence and field relations. The four predominant rock types are pillow basalts, dolerite dykes, troctolites and gabbros, and ultramafics (mainly harzburgite). This sequence represents a section through the earth's oceanic crust. The dominant structural geological feature is faulting at any scale. Faulting also controls the evolution of the Macquarie Ridge complex, of which the uppermost part is the Island. It is concluded that the sequence of rock units present on Macquarie Island generated at the Australian-Antarctic spreading ridge.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 15 S. : Ill., graph. Darst. + 1 Kt.-Beil.
    ISBN: 0642871000
    Series Statement: ANARE research notes 21
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
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    Ecosystem services: response (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bateman, Ian J -- Harwood, Amii R -- Mace, Georgina M -- Watson, Robert T -- Abson, David J -- Andrews, Barnaby -- Binner, Amy -- Crowe, Andrew -- Day, Brett H -- Dugdale, Steve -- Fezzi, Carlo -- Foden, Jo -- Hadley, David -- Haines-Young, Roy -- Hulme, Mark -- Kontoleon, Andreas -- Lovett, Andrew A -- Munday, Paul -- Pascual, Unai -- Paterson, James -- Perino, Grischa -- Sen, Antara -- Siriwardena, Gavin -- van Soest, Daan -- Termansen, Mette -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):421-2. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6157.421-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Decision Support Techniques ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Economic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: land use in the United Kingdom (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: Landscapes generate a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, yet land-use decisions often ignore the value of these services. Using the example of the United Kingdom, we show the significance of land-use change not only for agricultural production but also for emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases, open-access recreational visits, urban green space, and wild-species diversity. We use spatially explicit models in conjunction with valuation methods to estimate comparable economic values for these services, taking account of climate change impacts. We show that, although decisions that focus solely on agriculture reduce overall ecosystem service values, highly significant value increases can be obtained from targeted planning by incorporating all potential services and their values and that this approach also conserves wild-species diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bateman, Ian J -- Harwood, Amii R -- Mace, Georgina M -- Watson, Robert T -- Abson, David J -- Andrews, Barnaby -- Binner, Amy -- Crowe, Andrew -- Day, Brett H -- Dugdale, Steve -- Fezzi, Carlo -- Foden, Jo -- Hadley, David -- Haines-Young, Roy -- Hulme, Mark -- Kontoleon, Andreas -- Lovett, Andrew A -- Munday, Paul -- Pascual, Unai -- Paterson, James -- Perino, Grischa -- Sen, Antara -- Siriwardena, Gavin -- van Soest, Daan -- Termansen, Mette -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 5;341(6141):45-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1234379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. i.bateman@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Making ; *Decision Support Techniques ; *Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; Marketing ; *Models, Economic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magma mingling in late-Delamerian A-type granites at Mannum, South Australia (1996)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 56 (1996), S. 147-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Mannum-Granit bildet einen Teil der Padthaway Suite von A-Typ Graniten, die zusammen mit dem Black Hill Gabbro-Komplex unmittelbar nach dem Ende der Delamerischen Orogenese in den Adelaide-Fold Belt intrudiert wurden. Im Granit kommen Blöcke von Mikrogranit die als aus dem Dach stammende Teile einer kontaminierten Randfazies interpretiert werden, sowie zahlreiche mafische Enklaven vor. Letztere zeigen eine Vielfalt von rundlichen und wassertropfenförmigen Formen, sind feinkörnig, zeigen keine abgeschrägten Ränder und enthalten, und reagieren mit, Quarz und Feldspatkristallen aus dem Granit. Dies legt nahe, daß sie gleichzeitigem mafischem Magma zuzuordnen sind, das mit dem granitischen Magma während der Intrusion gemischt wurde. Modellierte Temperatur-Viskositätsbeziehungen zeigen, daß das granitische Magma eine Temperatur von mehr als 930 °C gehabt haben muß, nachdem thermisches Gleichgewicht erreicht war — sonst hätten die Enklaven sich nicht plastisch verhalten können. Die Gleichzeitigkeit der mafischen Magmen macht es möglich, Probleme des thermischen Budgets zu lösen, die sich aus der Bildung dieser Hochtemperatur-Granite ergeben. Ein beträchtlicher Mantel-Flux muß während ihrer Entstehung geherrscht haben. Dies steht in Übereinstimmung mit Schweredaten und mit dem Vorkommen der Black Hill Gabbros. Die Zusammensetzungen der Enklaven variieren von Dolerit und Quarz-Diorit bis zu leukokratischen Varietäten. Zusammen mit dem Mannum-Granit und mit den anderen Padthaway Graniten und Gesteinen aus dem Black Hill Gabbro Komplex definieren sie eine Tholeiit-Granophyr-Serie (SiO2 49–74%). Obwohl die Zusammensetzung der Enklaven durch Diffusion und Hybridisierung modifiziert wurde, treten thermale Argumente für eine genetische Beziehung zwischen dem mafischen und dem felsischen Magma in den Vordergrund. Nd und Sr Isotopen-Daten des Wirt-Granites und der Enklaven (87Sr/86Sri 0.7041–0.7060; Nd1 + 4 to −2) sprechen nicht für eine krustale Herkunft dieser Gesteine. Die Verteilungsmuster inkompatibler Elemente zeigen, daß die A-Typ Granite aus einem stark fraktionierten Magma kristallisierten, und dies stimmt mit rascher Abnahme von Eu/Eu* bei relativ konstantem Ndi überein. Die hohen Eu/Eu* und die Nd-werte dieses Trends fallen in den Bereich der assoziierten mafischen Gesteine. Dies zeigt, daß die A-Typ Granite der Padthaway-Gruppe auf die Segregation entwickelter residualer Schmelzen zurückgehen, die chemisch und isotopisch ähnlichen Granophyr in den Black Hill Gabbro-Plutonen bilden.
    Notes: Summary The Mannum granite forms part of the Padthaway A-type granite suite, which intruded the Adelaide fold belt along with the Black Hill gabbroic complex just after the cessation of the Delamerian Orogeny. Included within the granite are microgranite blocks, inferred to be stoped pieces of a contaminated margin facies, and numerous mafic enclaves. These enclaves display a variety of globular and tear-drop shapes, are fine-grained, lack chilled margins and enclose and react with quartz and feldspar phenocrysts from the granite, suggesting they represent contemporaneous mafic magma that was mingling with the granite magma during intrusion. Modelled temperature-viscosity relationships show that, in order for these enclaves to behave in a plastic manner, the granite magma must have had a temperature in excess of 930 °C after thermal equilibration was achieved. The contemporaneity of mafic magmas resolves any thermal budget problems arising out of the formation of these high-temperature granites, and a considerable mantle flux is implied during their genesis, consistent with gravity data and the presence of the Black Hill gabbros. The enclave compositions range from dolerite and quartz-diorite to leucocratic varieties, and, together with the Mannum granite, the other Padthaway granites and rocks from the Black Hill gabbroic complex, define a tholeiite-granophyre series (SiO2 49–74%). Although the composition of the enclaves has been modified by diffusion and hybridism; the coherency of this array augments thermal arguments for a genetic relationship between the mafic and felsic magmas. Nd and Sr isotope data on the host granite and enclaves (87Sr/86 Sri 0.7041–0.7060;ɛNdi + 4 to −2) do not favour a crustal origin for any of the rocks. Rather, incompatible element plots indicate the A-type granites crystallized from highly fractionated magmas, consistent with rapid decreases in Eu/Eu* at relatively constantɛNdi The high Eu/Eu*, highɛNdi end of this trend projects into the array for the associated mafic rocks. This suggests the A-type granites of the Padthaway suite may have resulted from segregation of evolved residual interstitial liquids which form chemically and isotopically similar granophyre in the Black Hill gabbroic plutons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01162601
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geochemistry and petrogenesis of K-rich alkaline volcanics from the Batu Tara volcano, eastern Sunda arc (1988)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 98 (1988), S. 374-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mineralogical, major and trace element, and isotopic data are presented for leucite basanite and leucite tephrite eruptives and dykes from the Batu Tara volcano, eastern Sunda arc. In general, the eruptives are markedly porphyritic with phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, olivine, leucite ±plagioclase±biotite set in similar groundmass assemblages. These K-rich alkaline volcanics have high concentrations of large-ion-lithophile (LIL), light rare earth (LRE) and most incompatible trace elements, and are characterized by high 87Sr/86Sr (0.70571–0.70706) and low 143Nd/ 144Nd (0.512609–0.512450) compared with less alkaline volcanics from the Sunda arc. They also display the relative depletion of Ti and Nb in chondrite-normalized plots which is a feature of subalkaline volcanics from the eastern Sunda arc and arc volcanics in general. Chemical and mineralogical data for the Batu Tara K-rich rocks indicate that they were formed by the accumulation of variable amounts of phenocrysts in several melts with different major and trace element compositions. The compositions of one of these melts estimated from glass inclusions in phenocrysts is relatively Fe-rich (100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)=48–51) and is inferred to have been derived from a more primitive magma by low-pressure crystal fractionation involving olivine, clinopyroxene and spinel. Mg-rich (mg ∼90) and Cr-rich (up to 1.7 wt. % Cr2O3) zones in complex oscillatory-zoned clinopyroxene phenocrysts probably also crystallized from such a magma. The marked oscillatory zoning in the clinopyroxene phenocrysts is considered to be the result of limited mixing of relatively ‘evolved’ with more primitive magmas, together with their phenocrysts, along interfaces between discrete convecting magma bodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375187
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field setting, mineralogy, chemistry, and genesis of arc picrites, New Georgia, Solomon Islands (1984)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 88 (1984), S. 386-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The field setting, petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of a suite of picrite basalts and related magnesian olivine tholeiites (New Georgia arc picrites) from the New Georgia Volcanics, Kolo caldera in the active ensimatic Solomon Islands arc are presented. These lavas, with an areal extent in the order of 1002 km and almost 1 km thick in places, are located close to the intersection of the Woodlark spreading zone with the Pacific plate margin. They contain abundant olivine (Fo94-75) and diopside (Cr2O3 1.1-0.4%, Al2O3 1–3%), and spinels characterised by a large range in Cr/(Cr+Al) (0.85–0.46) and Mg/(Mg+ Fe++) (0.65−0.1). The spinels are Fe+++ rich, with Fe+++/ (Fe++++Cr+Al) varying from 0.06 to 1.0. A discrete group of spinels with the highest Cr/(Cr+Al) (0.83–0.86) and lowest Fe+++ contents are included in the most Mg-rich olivine (Fo91–94) and both may be xenocrystal in origin. The lavas, which range between 10–28% MgO, define linear trends on oxide (element) — MgO diagrams and these trends are interpreted as olivine (∼0.9) clinopyroxene (∼0.1) control lines. For the reconstructed parent magma composition of these arc picrites, ratios involving CaO, Al2O3, TiO2, Zr, V and Sc are very close to chondritic. REE patterns are slightly LREE — enriched ((La/Sm)N 1.3–1.43) and HREE are flat. All lavas show marked enrichments in K, Rb, Sr, Ba, and LREE relative to MORB with similar MgO contents, but the TiO2 content of the proposed parent magma is close to those of postulated primary MORB liquids. It is proposed that the arc parent magma was produced by partial melting of sub-oceanic upper mantle induced by the introduction of LILE — enriched hydrous fluids derived by dehydration and/or partial melting of subducted ocean crust and possibly minor sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376763
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magma source components in an arc-continent collision zone: the Flores-Lembata sector, Sunda arc, Indonesia (1990)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 105 (1990), S. 585-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Major, trace-element, and Sr-, Nd-and Pbisotope data are presented for volcanics from 12 active or recently active volcanoes from the islands of Flores, Adonara, Lembata and Batu Tara in the eastern Sunda are. The volcanics vary in composition from low-K tholeiite, through medium-and high-K calcalkaline types to the K-rich leucite basanites of Batu Tara. From the tholeiites to the leucite basanites there are marked increases in the concentrations of LILE (K, Rb, Ba, Sr), LREE and La/Yb, and all the volcanics have high Ba/ Nb, La/Nb and Ba/La compared with mid-ocean ridge and intraplate eruptives. K/Cs values are generally lower than OIB values, and overlap those of other arc volcanics and northeast Indian Ocean sediments. The volcanics exhibit a broad range of 87Sr/86Sr (0.70468–0.70706), 143Nd/144Nd (0.512946–0.512447), and a moderate range in 206Pb/204Pb (18.825–19.143), 207Pb/ 204Pb (15.643–15.760) and 208Pb/204Pb (38.97–39.51). Trace-element and isotopic data suggest that the mantle beneath the eastern Sunda arc is a complex heterogeneous mixture of 3 or 4 major source components: MORB-source or depleted MORB-source, OIB-source and subducted Indian Ocean sediment. The low-K tholeiites were probably formed by relatively large degrees of melting of depleted MORB-source mantle, modified by subduction-related fluids, whereas the trace-element and isotopic characteristics of the K-rich volcanics suggest that they were derived from an OIB source which and been modified by a subduction-related melt component. The source components of the medium-to high-K calcalkaline rocks are more difficult to determine, and probably include mixtures of MORB-source or OIB-source, and melt/fluid derived from subducted oceanic sediment. Minor-and trace-element modelling calculations indicate substantial difficulties in producing the relatively low Ti-contents of arc volcanics by melting OIB-source mantle. Where OIB mantle is considered to be an important component of arc magmas it is suggested that the HFSE are buffered to relatively low concentration by a residual Ti-rich accessory phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302497
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible role of amphibole in the origin of andesite: some experimental and natural evidence (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 109 (1992), S. 479-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in the system high-A1 basalt (HAB)-water have been conducted in the melting range at pressures between 1 atm. and 10 kbar, defining the amphibole stability field and the composition of liquids which coexist with this amphibole. Plagioclase is the anhydrous liquidus phase between 1 atm. and 10 kbar but in the hydrous runs this role is taken by olivine at 〈7 kbar and then by clinopyroxene at higher pressures. Because amphibole is never on the high-A1 basalt liquidus it is not likely that andesite is derived from primary basalt by pure fractional crystallisation, although as we discuss, other mechanisms including equilibrium crystallisation might implicate amphibole. If primary basaltic magma undergoes closed-system equilibrium crystallisation, then the amphibole field will be intersected at between 50 and 100°C below the liquidus. The compositions of melts coexisting with amphibole alone do not match those of any of the natural andesite or dacitic lavas associated with the particular high-A1 basalt investigated. Like natural andesites, they become rapidly silica enriched, but they also become far more depleted in TiO2 and MgO. However, the compositions of liquids lying directly on the divariant amphibole-out reaction zone, where amphibole +liquid coexist with clinopyroxene or olivine (±plagioclase), do resemble those of naturally occurring low-silica andesites. With increasing temperature pargasitic amphibole breaks down via incongruent melting reactions over a narrow temperature range to form a large volume of relatively low-silica basaltic andesite liquid and a crystalline assemblage dominated by either clinopyroxene or olivine. Our important conclusion is that basaltic andesite liquid will be the product of reaction between cooling, hydrous mafic liquid and anhydrous ferromagnesian phases. The solid reactants could represent earlier cumulates from the same or different magma batches, or they could be peridotite wall-rock material. Because the amphibole-out boundary coexisting with liquid is one of reaction, it will not be traversed so long as the phases on the high temperature side remain. Thus, the assemblage amphibole+clinopyroxene±olivine±plagioclase+liquid is one in which the liquid is buffered (within limits), and results reported here indicate that this buffering generates melts of low-silica andesite composition. When tapped to lower pressures these liquids will rise, eventually to fractionate plagioclase-rich assemblages yielding silicarich andesite and dacite melts. Conversely, the partial melting of hornblende pyroxenite, hornblende peridotite or hornblende gabbro can also yield basaltic andesite liquids. The phase relationships suggested by these experiments are discussed in the light of naturally occurring phenocryst and xenolith assemblages from the east Sunda Arc. Primary magmatic additions to the lithosphere of volcanic arcs are basaltic and voluminous upper crustal andesite in these terranes, complemented by mafic and ultramafic crystalline deposits emplaced in the lower crust or close to the Moho. Together these components constitute total arc growth with a basaltic composition and represent the net accreted contribution to continental growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306551
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  • 9
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    Zircon Geochemical and Geochronological Constraints on Contaminated and Enriched Mantle Sources beneath the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia (2015)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by University of Chicago Press
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  • 10
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    Are granites and granulites consanguineous? (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-20
    Description: An important question in petrology is whether the production of granite magma in orogens is a closed-system process with respect to mass input from the mantle. This is commonly addressed by inversion of geochemical data from upper crustal granites, but a complementary approach is to assess the kinship of residual granulites and associated granites in exhumed orogenic crust. Here we report geochemical data for a suite of contemporaneous metasedimentary granulites and granites from the Eastern Ghats Province, India, part of a Grenville-age orogen. The prograde metamorphic evolution involved increasing temperature ( T ) and pressure ( P ) to a metamorphic peak at 〉1000 °C at ~0.7 GPa, followed by slow close-to-isobaric cooling. Variations in the composition of granites are interpreted to be due to local processes, including fractionation during melting or crystallization, and/or peritectic mineral entrainment. The Nd and Sr isotope compositions of the granites can be matched by mixing between different granulites, suggesting that they may have been derived solely from sedimentary protoliths leaving behind granulite facies residues. However, by including geochemical data from an adjacent area to the north, it becomes clear that an increasingly important mass input from the mantle was involved in granite genesis from southwest to northeast in the Eastern Ghats Province, as confirmed by modeling assimilation–fractional crystallization between an exemplar mantle-derived melt at 1000 Ma and the residual granulites. The extreme peak metamorphic temperature and P – T evolution suggest extended lithosphere that relaxed thermally to its former thickness during slow cooling. We postulate that the spatial variation in mantle input to the granites was related to changing feedback between the rates of extension and flux of mantle melt.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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