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  • 1
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and kelp densities and coral coverages at three study locations and photosynthesis and calcification of corals measured in the laboratory (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean warming is altering the biogeographical distribution of marine organisms. In the tropics, rising sea surface temperatures are restructuring coral reef communities with sensitive species being lost. At the biogeographical divide between temperate and tropical communities, warming is causing macroalgal forest loss and the spread of tropical corals, fishes and other species, termed “tropicalization”. A lack of field research into the combined effects of warming and ocean acidification means there is a gap in our ability to understand and plan for changes in coastal ecosystems. Here, we focus on the tropicalization trajectory of temperate marine ecosystems becoming coral-dominated systems. We conducted field surveys and in situ transplants at natural analogues for present and future conditions under (i) ocean warming and (ii) both ocean warming and acidification at a transition zone between kelp and coral-dominated ecosystems. We show that increased herbivory by warm-water fishes exacerbates kelp forest loss and that ocean acidification negates any benefits of warming for range extending tropical corals growth and physiology at temperate latitudes. Our data show that, as the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming ratchet up, marine coastal ecosystems lose kelp forests but do not gain scleractinian corals. Ocean acidification plus warming leads to overall habitat loss and a shift to simple turf-dominated ecosystems, rather than the complex coral-dominated tropicalized systems often seen with warming alone. Simplification of marine habitats by increased CO2 levels cascades through the ecosystem and could have severe consequences for the provision of goods and services.
    Keywords: Acropora solitaryensis; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Area/locality; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate of calcium carbonate; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Color description; Community composition and diversity; Coral; Diameter; Entire community; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Field experiment; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Identification; Izu_Peninsula; Laboratory experiment; Month; Net calcification rate of calcium carbonate, dark; Net calcification rate of calcium carbonate, light; Net photosynthesis rate, oxygen; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Photosynthetic efficiency; Porites heronensis; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Registration number of species; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Rocky-shore community; Salinity; Shikine_Island_OAW; Shikine_Island_OW; Shoots; Single species; Site; Species; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (URI); Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 33452 data points
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  • 2
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and bacterial diversity of intertidal bacterial biofilm communities (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: The effects of ocean acidification on ecosystems remain poorly understood, because it is difficult to simulate the effects of elevated CO2 on entire marine communities. Natural systems enriched in CO2 are being used to help understand the long-term effects of ocean acidification in situ. Here, we compared biofilm bacterial communities on intertidal cobbles/boulders and bedrock along a seawater CO2 gradient off Japan. Samples sequenced for 16S rRNA showed differences in bacterial communities with different pCO2 and between habitat types. In both habitats, bacterial diversity increased in the acidified conditions. Differences in pCO2 were associated with differences in the relative abundance of the dominant phyla. However, despite the differences in community composition, there was no indication that these changes would be significant for nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. As well as direct effects of seawater chemistry on the biofilm, increased microalgal growth and decreased grazing may contribute to the shift in bacterial composition at high CO2, as documented by other studies. Thus, the effects of changes in bacterial community composition due to globally increasing pCO2 levels require further investigation to assess the implications for marine ecosystem function. However, the apparent lack of functional shifts in biofilms along the pCO2 gradient is a reassuring indicator of stability of their ecosystem functions in shallow ocean margins.
    Keywords: ACE richness; Alkalinity, total; Aragonite saturation state; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chao 1 richness; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Entire community; EXP; Experiment; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Group; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Oxygen, dissolved; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Rocky-shore community; Salinity; Shannon Diversity Index; Shikine_Island; Simpson index of diversity; Site; Species richness; Temperate; Temperature, water; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 864 data points
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  • 3
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and coverage of turf algae, other macroalgae and corals (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Human activities are rapidly changing the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. Large-scale replacement of kelp forests and coral reefs with turf algal mats is resulting in homogenous habitats that have less ecological and human value. Ocean acidification has strong potential to substantially favour turf algae growth, which led us to examine the mechanisms that stabilise turf algal states. Here we show that ocean acidification promotes turf algae over corals and macroalgae, mediating new habitat conditions that create stabilising feedback loops (altered physicochemical environment and microbial community, and an inhibition of recruitment) capable of locking turf systems in place. Such feedbacks help explain why degraded coastal habitats persist after being initially pushed past the tipping point by global and local anthropogenic stressors. An understanding of the mechanisms that stabilise degraded coastal habitats can be incorporated into adaptive management to better protect the contribution of coastal systems to human wellbeing.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Coverage; Distance; Entire community; EXP; Experiment; Field experiment; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric titration; Recruitment; Replicate; Rocky-shore community; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Shikine; Site; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Transect number; Treatment; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 5866 data points
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  • 4
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    Individual and population-level responses to ocean acidification (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Harvey, Ben P; McKeown, Niall J; Rastrick, S P S; Bertolini, Camilla; Foggo, Andy; Graham, Helen; Hall-Spencer, Jason M; Milazzo, Marco; Shaw, Paul W; Small, Daniel; Moore, Pippa J (2016): Individual and population-level responses to ocean acidification. Scientific Reports, 6, 20194, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20194
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification is predicted to have detrimental effects on many marine organisms and ecological processes. Despite growing evidence for direct impacts on specific species, few studies have simultaneously considered the effects of ocean acidification on individuals (e.g. consequences for energy budgets and resource partitioning) and population level demographic processes. Here we show that ocean acidification increases energetic demands on gastropods resulting in altered energy allocation, i.e. reduced shell size but increased body mass. When scaled up to the population level, long-term exposure to ocean acidification altered population demography, with evidence of a reduction in the proportion of females in the population and genetic signatures of increased variance in reproductive success among individuals. Such increased variance enhances levels of short-term genetic drift which is predicted to inhibit adaptation. Our study indicates that even against a background of high gene flow, ocean acidification is driving individual- and population-level changes that will impact eco-evolutionary trajectories.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard error; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard error; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Dry mass; EXP; Experiment; Field experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Hexaplex trunculus; Levante_OA; Mediterranean Sea; Mollusca; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard error; Sex; Single species; Site; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard error; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Wet mass
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3024 data points
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  • 5
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and composition of plastic biofilm assemblages (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: The increasing quantity of plastic waste in the ocean is providing a growing and more widespread novel habitat for microbes. Plastics have taxonomically distinct microbial communities (termed the 'Plastisphere') and can raft these unique communities over great distances. In order to understand the Plastisphere properly it will be important to work out how major ocean changes (such as warming, acidification and deoxygenation) are shaping microbial communities on waste plastics in marine environments. Here, we show that common plastic drinking bottles rapidly become colonized by novel biofilm-forming bacterial communities, and that ocean acidification greatly influences the composition of plastic biofilm assemblages. We highlight the potential implications of this community shift in a coastal community exposed to enriched CO2 conditions.
    Keywords: Abundance; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Alpha diversity; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Entire community; Evenness of species; EXP; Experiment; Field observation; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Operational taxonomic unit; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phylum; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Shikine; Site; Substrate type; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 46968 data points
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  • 6
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and fish communities properties off CO2 seeps in Japan (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification will likely change the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems over coming decades. Volcanic carbon dioxide seeps generate dissolved CO2 and pH gradients that provide realistic insights into the direction and magnitude of these changes. Here, we used fish and benthic community surveys to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of fish community properties off CO2 seeps in Japan. Adding to previous evidence from ocean acidification ecosystem studies conducted elsewhere, our findings documented shifts from calcified to non-calcified habitats with reduced benthic complexity. In addition, we found that such habitat transition led to decreased diversity of associated fish and to selection of those fish species better adapted to simplified ecosystems dominated by algae. Our data suggest that near-future projected ocean acidification levels will oppose the ongoing range expansion of coral reef-associated fish due to global warming.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Aragonite saturation state; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Biotic Habitat Profile ratio; Biotic Habitat Profile ratio, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Canopy height; Canopy height, standard deviation; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Coverage; Coverage, standard deviation; Entire community; EXP; Experiment; Field observation; Fish; Fish, standard deviation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Location; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicates; Rocky-shore community; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Season; Shikine; Site; Species richness; Species richness, standard deviation; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Transect; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 892 data points
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  • 7
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and whole community and functional gene changes of bioflms on marine plastic debris (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Plastics are accumulating in the world's oceans, while ocean waters are becoming acidified by increased CO2. We compared metagenome of biofilms on tethered plastic bottles in subtidal waters off Japan naturally enriched in CO2, compared to normal ambient CO2 levels. Extending from an earlier amplicon study of bacteria, we used metagenomics to provide direct insights into changes in the full range of functional genes and the entire taxonomic tree of life in the context of the changing plastisphere. We found changes in the taxonomic community composition of all branches of life. This included a large increase in diatom relative abundance across the treatments but a decrease in diatom diversity. Network complexity among families decreased with acidification, showing overall simplification of biofilm integration. With acidification, there was decreased prevalence of genes associated with cell–cell interactions and antibiotic resistance, decreased detoxification genes, and increased stress tolerance genes. There were few nutrient cycling gene changes, suggesting that the role of plastisphere biofilms in nutrient processes within an acidified ocean may not change greatly. Our results suggest that as ocean CO2 increases, the plastisphere will undergo broad-ranging changes in both functional and taxonomic composition, especially the ecologically important diatom group, with possible wider implications for ocean ecology.
    Keywords: Abundance; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Entire community; EXP; Experiment; Family; Field observation; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Function; Functional diversity; Gene expression (incl. proteomics); North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phylum; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Sample ID; Shannon Diversity Index; Shikine_Island; Species; Taxa; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 22824 data points
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  • 8
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and coralline algal diversity (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Calcified coralline algae are ecologically important in rocky habitats in the marine photic zone worldwide and there is growing concern that ocean acidification will severely impact them. Laboratory studies of these algae in simulated ocean acidification conditions have revealed wide variability in growth, photosynthesis and calcification responses, making it difficult to assess their future biodiversity, abundance and contribution to ecosystem function. Here, we apply molecular systematic tools to assess the impact of natural gradients in seawater carbonate chemistry on the biodiversity of coralline algae in the Mediterranean and the NW Pacific, link this to their evolutionary history and evaluate their potential future biodiversity and abundance. We found a decrease in the taxonomic diversity of coralline algae with increasing acidification with more than half of the species lost in high pCO2 conditions. Sporolithales is the oldest order (Lower Cretaceous) and diversified when ocean chemistry favoured low Mg calcite deposition; it is less diverse today and was the most sensitive to ocean acidification. Corallinales were also reduced in cover and diversity but several species survived at high pCO2; it is the most recent order of coralline algae and originated when ocean chemistry favoured aragonite and high Mg calcite deposition. The sharp decline in cover and thickness of coralline algal carbonate deposits at high pCO2 highlighted their lower fitness in response to ocean acidification. Reductions in CO2 emissions are needed to limit the risk of losing coralline algal diversity.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calcium carbonate, standard deviation; Calcium carbonate mass; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Coverage; Coverage, standard error; Entire community; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Location; Marine habitat; Mediterranean Sea; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Rocky-shore community; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Shikine; Site; Species richness; Temperate; Temperature, water; Type; Vulcano; Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, North East Sicily, Italy
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1207 data points
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  • 9
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry, physiological performance of Semibalanus balanoides and Nucella lapillus, and their predator-prey dynamics. (2017)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Harvey, Ben P; Moore, Pippa J (2017): Ocean warming and acidification prevent compensatory response in a predator to reduced prey quality. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 563, 111-122, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11956
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: While there is increasing evidence for the impacts of climate change at the individual level, much less is known about how species' likely idiosyncratic responses may alter ecological interactions. Here, we demonstrate that ocean acidification and warming not only directly alter species' (individual) physiological performance, but also their predator-prey dynamics. Our results demonstrate that tissue production (used as a proxy for prey quality) in the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides was reduced under scenarios of future climate change, and hence their ability to support energy acquisition for dogwhelk Nucella lapillus through food provision was diminished. However, rather than increasing their feeding rates as a compensatory mechanism, consumption rates of N. lapillus were reduced to the point that they exhibited starvation (a loss of somatic tissue), despite prey resources remaining abundant. The resilience of any marine organism to stressors is fundamentally linked to their ability to obtain and assimilate energy. Therefore, our findings suggest that the cost of living under future climate change may surpass the energy intake from consumption rates, which is likely exacerbated through the bottom-up effects of reduced prey quality. If, as our results suggest, changes in trophic transfer of energy are more common in a warmer, high CO2 world, such alterations to the predator-prey dynamic may have negative consequences for the acquisition of energy in the predator and result in energetic trade-offs. Given the importance of predator-prey interactions in structuring marine communities, future climate change is likely to have major consequences for community composition and the structure and function of ecosystems.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Arthropoda; Behaviour; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Borth_OA; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2calc; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Coast and continental shelf; EXP; Experiment; Experiment duration; Feeding rate, energy per mass; Feeding rate, number of prey per mass; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Ingestion efficiency; Laboratory experiment; Mass change; Mollusca; Mortality/Survival; North Atlantic; Nucella lapillus; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Replicate; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Semibalanus balanoides; Species; Species interaction; Survival; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, standard deviation; Temperature, water; Tissue production; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2670 data points
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  • 10
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and photophysiology and production of Biddulphia biddulphiana (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Diatoms are so important in ocean food-webs that any human induced changes in their abundance could have major effects on the ecology of our seas. The large chain-forming diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana greatly increases in abundance as pCO2 increases along natural seawater CO2 gradients in the north Pacific Ocean. In areas with reference levels of pCO2, it was hard to find, but as seawater carbon dioxide levels rose, it replaced seaweeds and became the main habitat-forming species on the seabed. This diatom algal turf supported a marine invertebrate community that was much less diverse and completely differed from the benthic communities found at present-day levels of pCO2. Seawater CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of benthic diatoms, but reduced the abundance of calcified grazers such as gastropods and sea urchins. These observations suggest that ocean acidification will shift photic zone community composition so that coastal food-web structure and ecosystem function are homogenised, simplified, and more strongly affected by seasonal algal blooms.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Diatoms; EXP; Experiment; Fluorescence, maximum; Fluorescence, minimum; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Gross primary production of oxygen per chlorophyll a; Light saturation point; Maximal absolute electron transfer rate; Maximum light use efficiency; Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II; Net primary production of oxygen per chlorophyll a; Number; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Replicates; Respiration rate oxygen per chlorophyll a; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Shikine; Site; Species; Species richness; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 17717 data points
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