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  • 1
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    Immunology. Agrin--a bridge between the nervous and immune systems (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trautmann, A -- Vivier, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1667-8. Epub 2001 May 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Immuno-Pharmacologie, CNRS UPR 415, ICGM, Paris, France. trautmann@cochin.inserm.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agrin/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Dendrites/physiology ; Glycosylation ; Immunologic Memory ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Microdomains/physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology ; Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/*physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Immunology. A pathogen receptor on natural killer cells (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vivier, Eric -- Biron, Christine A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1248-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Universite Mediterranee, Marseille, France. vivier@ciml.univ-mrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Antigens, Ly/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Herpesviridae Infections/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Lectins, C-Type ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Muromegalovirus/*immunology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like ; Receptors, Natural Killer Cell ; Viral Proteins/*immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Immunology: Natural killer cells remember (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ugolini, Sophie -- Vivier, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):544-5. doi: 10.1038/457544a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19177118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Proliferation ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunologic Memory/*immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/*cytology/*immunology ; Mice ; *Models, Immunological ; Muromegalovirus/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined as effector lymphocytes of innate immunity endowed with constitutive cytolytic functions. More recently, a more nuanced view of NK cells has emerged. NK cells are now recognized to express a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors that is calibrated to ensure self-tolerance while allowing efficacy against assaults such as viral infection and tumor development. Moreover, NK cells do not react in an invariant manner but rather adapt to their environment. Finally, recent studies have unveiled that NK cells can also mount a form of antigen-specific immunologic memory. NK cells thus exert sophisticated biological functions that are attributes of both innate and adaptive immunity, blurring the functional borders between these two arms of the immune response.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089969/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089969/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vivier, Eric -- Raulet, David H -- Moretta, Alessandro -- Caligiuri, Michael A -- Zitvogel, Laurence -- Lanier, Lewis L -- Yokoyama, Wayne M -- Ugolini, Sophie -- AI035021/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI039642/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI066897/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI068129/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI33903/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI34385/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI51345/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI5716/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA093678/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA095137/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA16058/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA68458/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA95426/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI035021/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI035021-11/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI039642/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI039642-11/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA093678/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA093678-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):44-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1198687.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Universite de la Mediterranee UM 631, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France. vivier@ciml.univ-mrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212348" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunologic Memory ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Neoplasms/immunology/therapy ; Receptors, Immunologic/immunology/metabolism ; Self Tolerance ; Virus Diseases/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: Cyclophosphamide is one of several clinically important cancer drugs whose therapeutic efficacy is due in part to their ability to stimulate antitumor immune responses. Studying mouse models, we demonstrate that cyclophosphamide alters the composition of microbiota in the small intestine and induces the translocation of selected species of Gram-positive bacteria into secondary lymphoid organs. There, these bacteria stimulate the generation of a specific subset of "pathogenic" T helper 17 (pT(H)17) cells and memory T(H)1 immune responses. Tumor-bearing mice that were germ-free or that had been treated with antibiotics to kill Gram-positive bacteria showed a reduction in pT(H)17 responses, and their tumors were resistant to cyclophosphamide. Adoptive transfer of pT(H)17 cells partially restored the antitumor efficacy of cyclophosphamide. These results suggest that the gut microbiota help shape the anticancer immune response.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048947/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048947/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Viaud, Sophie -- Saccheri, Fabiana -- Mignot, Gregoire -- Yamazaki, Takahiro -- Daillere, Romain -- Hannani, Dalil -- Enot, David P -- Pfirschke, Christina -- Engblom, Camilla -- Pittet, Mikael J -- Schlitzer, Andreas -- Ginhoux, Florent -- Apetoh, Lionel -- Chachaty, Elisabeth -- Woerther, Paul-Louis -- Eberl, Gerard -- Berard, Marion -- Ecobichon, Chantal -- Clermont, Dominique -- Bizet, Chantal -- Gaboriau-Routhiau, Valerie -- Cerf-Bensussan, Nadine -- Opolon, Paule -- Yessaad, Nadia -- Vivier, Eric -- Ryffel, Bernhard -- Elson, Charles O -- Dore, Joel -- Kroemer, Guido -- Lepage, Patricia -- Boneca, Ivo Gomperts -- Ghiringhelli, Francois -- Zitvogel, Laurence -- P01 DK071176/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01DK071176/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA086355/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084880/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):971-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1240537.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U1015, Equipe labellisee Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Bacterial Translocation/*drug effects ; Cyclophosphamide/*therapeutic use ; Germ-Free Life ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects/physiology ; Immunologic Memory ; Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Intestine, Small/*microbiology ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology/microbiology ; Mice ; Microbiota/drug effects/*physiology ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*immunology ; Th17 Cells/immunology/transplantation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Natural killer cell signaling pathways (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in the early defenses against foreign cells, as well as autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, such as microbial infection or tumor transformation. NK cell activation is controlled by a dynamic balance between complementary and antagonistic pathways that are initiated upon interaction with potential target cells. NK cells express an array of activating cell surface receptors that can trigger cytolytic programs, as well as cytokine or chemokine secretion. Some of these activating cell surface receptors initiate protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent pathways through noncovalent associations with transmembrane signaling adaptors that harbor intracytoplasmic ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). Additional cell surface receptors that are not directly coupled to ITAMs also participate in NK cell activation. These include NKG2D, which is noncovalently associated to the DAP10 transmembrane signaling adaptor, as well as integrins and cytokine receptors. NK cells also express cell surface inhibitory receptors that antagonize activating pathways through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). These inhibitory cell surface receptors are characterized by intracytoplasmic ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs). The tyrosine-phosphorylation status of several signaling components that are substrates for both PTKs and PTPs is thus key to the propagation of the NK cell effector pathways. Understanding the integration of these multiple signals is central to the understanding and manipulation of NK cell effector signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vivier, Eric -- Nunes, Jacques A -- Vely, Frederic -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1517-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Univ. Mediterranee, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France. vivier@ciml.univ-mrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology/*physiology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Immunological ; NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/metabolism/physiology ; Receptors, Natural Killer Cell ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-18
    Description: Some Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide immunity to experimental infections in animal models, but their contribution to host defense in natural ecosystems is unknown. We report a dominant-negative TLR3 allele in otherwise healthy children with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. TLR3 is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is required to control HSV-1, which spreads from the epithelium to the CNS via cranial nerves. TLR3 is also expressed in epithelial and dendritic cells, which apparently use TLR3-independent pathways to prevent further dissemination of HSV-1 and to provide resistance to other pathogens in TLR3-deficient patients. Human TLR3 appears to be redundant in host defense to most microbes but is vital for natural immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, which suggests that neurotropic viruses have contributed to the evolutionary maintenance of TLR3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Shen-Ying -- Jouanguy, Emmanuelle -- Ugolini, Sophie -- Smahi, Asma -- Elain, Gaelle -- Romero, Pedro -- Segal, David -- Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa -- Lorenzo, Lazaro -- Puel, Anne -- Picard, Capucine -- Chapgier, Ariane -- Plancoulaine, Sabine -- Titeux, Matthias -- Cognet, Celine -- von Bernuth, Horst -- Ku, Cheng-Lung -- Casrouge, Armanda -- Zhang, Xin-Xin -- Barreiro, Luis -- Leonard, Joshua -- Hamilton, Claire -- Lebon, Pierre -- Heron, Benedicte -- Vallee, Louis -- Quintana-Murci, Lluis -- Hovnanian, Alain -- Rozenberg, Flore -- Vivier, Eric -- Geissmann, Frederic -- Tardieu, Marc -- Abel, Laurent -- Casanova, Jean-Laurent -- G0900867/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 14;317(5844):1522-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U550, Faculty Necker, Paris 75015, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17872438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line ; Child, Preschool ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/*genetics/*immunology ; Female ; Fibroblasts/immunology/metabolism/virology ; Genes, Dominant ; *Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Infant ; Interferons/biosynthesis ; Keratinocytes/immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology ; Mutation ; Poly I-C/pharmacology ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/chemistry/*deficiency/*genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Tuning of natural killer cell reactivity by NKp46 and Helios calibrates T cell responses (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-24
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes involved in antimicrobial and antitumoral immune responses. Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis in mice, we identified a mutant with increased resistance to viral infections because of the presence of hyperresponsive NK cells. Whole-genome sequencing and functional analysis revealed a loss-of-function mutation in the Ncr1 gene encoding the activating receptor NKp46. The down-regulation of NK cell activity by NKp46 was associated with the silencing of the Helios transcription factor in NK cells. NKp46 was critical for the subsequent development of antiviral and antibacterial T cell responses, which suggests that the regulation of NK cell function by NKp46 allows for the optimal development of adaptive immune responses. NKp46 blockade enhanced NK cell reactivity in vivo, which could enable the design of immunostimulation strategies in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Narni-Mancinelli, Emilie -- Jaeger, Baptiste N -- Bernat, Claire -- Fenis, Aurore -- Kung, Sam -- De Gassart, Aude -- Mahmood, Sajid -- Gut, Marta -- Heath, Simon C -- Estelle, Jordi -- Bertosio, Elodie -- Vely, Frederic -- Gastinel, Louis N -- Beutler, Bruce -- Malissen, Bernard -- Malissen, Marie -- Gut, Ivo G -- Vivier, Eric -- Ugolini, Sophie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 20;335(6066):344-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1215621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Campus de Luminy case 906, 13288 Marseille, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptive Immunity ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antibodies, Blocking/immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antigens, Ly/genetics/immunology/*physiology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Down-Regulation ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Herpesviridae Infections/*immunology/virology ; Immunologic Memory ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Listeriosis/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muromegalovirus/physiology ; Mutagenesis ; Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/antagonists & ; inhibitors/genetics/immunology/*physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Load
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Motile flagellum with a "3 + 0" ultrastructure (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-03-28
    Description: The male gamete of the parasitic protozoan Diplauxis hatti has a flagellum consisting of three doublet microtubules. This flagellum exhibits a helicoidal waveform in which bends propagate toward the tip with a frequency of about 1.5 hertz. It is the simplest motile eukaryotic flagellum yet described.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prensier, G -- Vivier, E -- Goldstein, S -- Schrevel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Mar 28;207(4438):1493-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7189065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eukaryota/*ultrastructure ; Flagella/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Male ; Microtubules/ultrastructure ; Motion ; Spermatozoa/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L'Organisation Ultrastructurale Corticale de la Gregarine Lecudina pellucida; ses Rapports avec l'Alimentation et la Locomotion (1968)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 15 (1968), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The structure of the cortical region (epicyte and ectoplasm) of the gregarine Lecudina pellucida, an intestinal parasite of the polychete worm Perinereis cultrifera was studied by electron microscopy.The epicitary folds have 3 unit type membranes. Between the 1st and 2nd is a layer probably composed of fine longitudinal fibrils which has an arch-like or gutter-like structure at the crest of the folds. Inside these folds is cytoplasm without any noticeable differentiation or inclusion except for a granular (or finely fibrillar) layer under the limiting inner membrane and close to it.The ectoplasmic zone of the entocyte is separated from the epicitary region by a lengthwise discontinuous cylindrical opaque layer, inwardly tangential to the folds. The ectoplasm lacks paraglycogen granules but has various organelles: apparently pinocytic vesicles against the wall between the folds, vesicles with myelinic membranes, opaque granules, a few mitochondria with blistered internal vesicles, and a few circular tubular fibers.The superficial zone of the gregarine is supposed to contribute to nutrition, thru the extensive surface furnished by its folds and thru the pinocytic vesicles; but this alimentary intake is incomplete compared with that of the previously studied anterior region.Insufficient mucus is discharged to account for locomotion. There are some circular ectoplasmic fibers, but locomotory myonemes are completely absent. However, there are deformations of the folds and corresponding waves that could account for locomotion by creeping or swimming. These movements of the folds might be due to the action of the contractile proteins and correspond with some of the layers seen in the wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02115.x
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