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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization behavior of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and PPS/carbon fiber composites: Effect of cure (1993)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 30 (1993), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of cure on the crystallization rates of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and PPS/carbon fiber composites has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallization rate of PPS increased with increasing degree of cure. The carbon fiber acted as a nucleating agent to enhance the crystallization rate of PPS. The fully cured PPS seemed to be saturated with nucleating sites formed through the cure reaction. Therefore, the presence of carbon fibers gave little effect on the crystallization rate of the fully cured PPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338482
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resin impregnation efficiency of carbon-carbon composites (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1993), S. 199-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00819958
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-phase toughened epoxy with poly(ether sulphone) and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 3523-3533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The structure and properties of ternary blends of epoxy with poly(ether sulphone) (PES) and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN) have been investigated. In these blends, the phase separation occurs in two stages: a macrophase separation during mixing and a microphase separation during curing. At low PES compositions, the PES-rich spherical domains are dispersed. With increasing PES composition, a co-continuous structure develops and, eventually, the phases are inverted. Regardless of structure change, the modulus and yield stress changes with composition just follow the simple rule of mixtures. However, the fracture toughness of these blends exhibits a synergistic effect. Among the various compositions, 5∶5 weight ratio of CTBN to PES exhibited the maximum toughness, which was 140% larger than that calculated from the rule of mixtures. The synergism is believed to be due to the bridging by the PES-rich phase followed by a lowering of the yield stress. The lowering of the yield stress can enlarge the process zone size and the amount of plastic dilatation of the matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00360758
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phase transformation toughening and synergism in poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(tetramethyleneglycol) copolymer-modified epoxies (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 2421-2429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The toughening of epoxy modified with poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(tetra-methylene glycol) (PBT–PTMG) copolymers of various chemical composition was investigated. The fracture toughness of the brittle epoxy was highly enhanced by the inclusion of PBT–PTMG copolymer without loss of other intrinsic mechanical properties, such as modulus and yield stress. These modified epoxies also exhibited synergism in toughening. The remarkable enhancement and the synergism in fracture toughness of PBT/PTMG-modified epoxies is possibly due to the enhancement of the degree of phase transformation toughening, which is a result of the enhancement of the degree of perfectness of PBT spherulites in the presence of PTMG segments. The changes in micro-morphology of PBT/PTMG phases induced by the different chemical composition of copolymer is the most important cause of the dependency of the fracture energy on the processing variables, such as the relative PBT/PTMG composition and total amount of modifiers. Other toughening mechanisms, such as crack bifurcation, ductile fracture of PBT/PTMG phases, main crack-path alteration, and crack bridging, also contributed to toughness enhancement of the modified epoxies. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004316210745
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of crystalline morphology of poly (butylene terephthalate) phases on toughening of poly(butylene terephthalate)/epoxy blends (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In an effort to investigate the effect of the crystalline morphology of a poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) phase on the toughening of PBT/epoxy blends, the blends, having different degrees of perfectness of the PBT crystalline phase, were prepared by blending PBT and epoxy at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 240 °C. As the blending temperature decreases, the degree of perfectness of the PBT crystalline phase increases as a result of the increase of crystal growth rate. For PBT/epoxy blends, the change in crystalline morphology induced by processing may be the most important cause for the dependency of the fracture energy on blending temperatures. It has been found that PBT phases with a well-developed Maltese cross are most effective for epoxy toughening. This dependency reveals the occurrence of a phase transformation toughening mechanism. Also, the higher relative enhancement of fracture energy of a higher molecular weight epoxy system is further indirect evidence for a phase transformation toughening mechanism. Some other toughening mechanisms observed from the fracture surfaces, such as crack bifurcation, crack bridging, and ductile fracture of PBT phases, have been found to also be affected by the blending temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004410901853
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of carbon fibers modified by oxygen plasma (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 34 (1994), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: surface modification ; oxygen plasma ; carbon fiber ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxygen plasma treatment was used to introduce functional groups on the surface of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. The fiber surface was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after treatment. The amount of functional groups on the fiber surface initially increased with increasing treatment time up to 2 min, thereafter remaining constant. The variation of surface energy with plasma treatment showed a similar trend. The plasma treatment affected the surface area and the mechanical properties of carbon fibers. The surface area increased but the mechanical properties decreased with increasing treatment times. The plasma treatment also changed the morphology of the fiber surface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1994.210340209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A thermoanalytical study on solid-state cure of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the solid-state cure process of poly(phenylene sulfide)(PPS) resin. Virgin PPS resin in an open sample pan was cured in DSC cell. Either air or oxygen was used as a curing atmosphere. Cure temperatures were in the range of 200 and 250 °C, which are below the melting point of PPS resin. Cure temperature as well as atmospheric condition influenced the cure behavior of PPS in the solid state. Both the rate and the amount of cure increased with increasing cure temperature. On the other hand, the time to reach the maximum cure rate was independent of cure temperature. Changing the atmosphere from air to oxygen increased both the cure rate and the amount of cure. The size effect of PPS particles on the cure reaction was also discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization behavior during the gel spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 22 (1989), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A computer simulation model was established to analyze the crystallization behavior during the gel spinning of semi-dilute solution of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in paraffin oil. A numerical calculation was carried out to predict the temperature and crystallinity profile within a filament. The effects of the fiber radius, cooling temperature, and spinning temperature on the cooling time were discussed for searching the optimum cooling condition during the spinning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282855
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermisch und UV-photochemisch initiierte hochdruckpolymerisation des ethylens, 1. Molmassen-mittelwerte (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1685-1697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ethylene is polymerized with thermal and with UV-photochemical initiation at temperatures between 130°C and 255°C up to pressures of 2500 bar. The conversions are between two and five percent. The degrees of polymerization as obtained from viscosity experiments are dependent on reaction temperature and pressure, but are insensitive to the kind of initiation, thermal or photochemical. These observations are explained by an equation which relates the degree of polymerization to kinetic parameters of the system which have partly been determined by independent experiments. From this equation, the activation energy and the activation volume of the transfer constant with the monomer, cm, are determined to be Ea(cm) = 43,9 ± 4 kJ · mol-1 and ΔV≠ (cm)=20,1 ± 3 cm3 · mol-1, respectively.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1984.021850816
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermisch und UV-photochemisch initiierte hochdruckpolymerisation des ethylens, 2Teil 1: cf.1. Molmassen-verteilung (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1699-1717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molar mass distribution of polyethylenes synthesized at pressures up to 2500 bar and temperatures to 255°C with thermal and partly with photochemical initiation is determined by GPC. In the limiting situation of high pressure, low temperature, and small conversion a distribution function based on a limited set of kinetic equations provides a fair representation of the experimental data. The transfer constant with the monomer is derived as a function of pressure and temperature. The logarithmic normal distribution reasonably represents the molar mass distribution of the high pressure polyethylenes if the conversion is low and if both empirical parameters are taken as temperature dependent. The degree of long chain branching is analyzed for the ethylene polymerization as a function of pressure and temperature and to maximum conversions of 30%. It turns out that even at conversions as low as 2% long chain branching is not negligible.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1984.021850817
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