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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2000-03-25
    Description: The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, M D -- Celniker, S E -- Holt, R A -- Evans, C A -- Gocayne, J D -- Amanatides, P G -- Scherer, S E -- Li, P W -- Hoskins, R A -- Galle, R F -- George, R A -- Lewis, S E -- Richards, S -- Ashburner, M -- Henderson, S N -- Sutton, G G -- Wortman, J R -- Yandell, M D -- Zhang, Q -- Chen, L X -- Brandon, R C -- Rogers, Y H -- Blazej, R G -- Champe, M -- Pfeiffer, B D -- Wan, K H -- Doyle, C -- Baxter, E G -- Helt, G -- Nelson, C R -- Gabor, G L -- Abril, J F -- Agbayani, A -- An, H J -- Andrews-Pfannkoch, C -- Baldwin, D -- Ballew, R M -- Basu, A -- Baxendale, J -- Bayraktaroglu, L -- Beasley, E M -- Beeson, K Y -- Benos, P V -- Berman, B P -- Bhandari, D -- Bolshakov, S -- Borkova, D -- Botchan, M R -- Bouck, J -- Brokstein, P -- Brottier, P -- Burtis, K C -- Busam, D A -- Butler, H -- Cadieu, E -- Center, A -- Chandra, I -- Cherry, J M -- Cawley, S -- Dahlke, C -- Davenport, L B -- Davies, P -- de Pablos, B -- Delcher, A -- Deng, Z -- Mays, A D -- Dew, I -- Dietz, S M -- Dodson, K -- Doup, L E -- Downes, M -- Dugan-Rocha, S -- Dunkov, B C -- Dunn, P -- Durbin, K J -- Evangelista, C C -- Ferraz, C -- Ferriera, S -- Fleischmann, W -- Fosler, C -- Gabrielian, A E -- Garg, N S -- Gelbart, W M -- Glasser, K -- Glodek, A -- Gong, F -- Gorrell, J H -- Gu, Z -- Guan, P -- Harris, M -- Harris, N L -- Harvey, D -- Heiman, T J -- Hernandez, J R -- Houck, J -- Hostin, D -- Houston, K A -- Howland, T J -- Wei, M H -- Ibegwam, C -- Jalali, M -- Kalush, F -- Karpen, G H -- Ke, Z -- Kennison, J A -- Ketchum, K A -- Kimmel, B E -- Kodira, C D -- Kraft, C -- Kravitz, S -- Kulp, D -- Lai, Z -- Lasko, P -- Lei, Y -- Levitsky, A A -- Li, J -- Li, Z -- Liang, Y -- Lin, X -- Liu, X -- Mattei, B -- McIntosh, T C -- McLeod, M P -- McPherson, D -- Merkulov, G -- Milshina, N V -- Mobarry, C -- Morris, J -- Moshrefi, A -- Mount, S M -- Moy, M -- Murphy, B -- Murphy, L -- Muzny, D M -- Nelson, D L -- Nelson, D R -- Nelson, K A -- Nixon, K -- Nusskern, D R -- Pacleb, J M -- Palazzolo, M -- Pittman, G S -- Pan, S -- Pollard, J -- Puri, V -- Reese, M G -- Reinert, K -- Remington, K -- Saunders, R D -- Scheeler, F -- Shen, H -- Shue, B C -- Siden-Kiamos, I -- Simpson, M -- Skupski, M P -- Smith, T -- Spier, E -- Spradling, A C -- Stapleton, M -- Strong, R -- Sun, E -- Svirskas, R -- Tector, C -- Turner, R -- Venter, E -- Wang, A H -- Wang, X -- Wang, Z Y -- Wassarman, D A -- Weinstock, G M -- Weissenbach, J -- Williams, S M -- WoodageT -- Worley, K C -- Wu, D -- Yang, S -- Yao, Q A -- Ye, J -- Yeh, R F -- Zaveri, J S -- Zhan, M -- Zhang, G -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, L -- Zheng, X H -- Zhong, F N -- Zhong, W -- Zhou, X -- Zhu, S -- Zhu, X -- Smith, H O -- Gibbs, R A -- Myers, E W -- Rubin, G M -- Venter, J C -- P50-HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport/genetics ; Chromatin/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Contig Mapping ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; DNA Repair/genetics ; DNA Replication/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/metabolism ; Euchromatin ; Gene Library ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Heterochromatin/genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Protein Biosynthesis ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: We have synthesized a 582,970-base pair Mycoplasma genitalium genome. This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, contains all the genes of wild-type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection. To identify the genome as synthetic, we inserted "watermarks" at intergenic sites known to tolerate transposon insertions. Overlapping "cassettes" of 5 to 7 kilobases (kb), assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, were joined by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies of approximately 24 kb, 72 kb ("1/8 genome"), and 144 kb ("1/4 genome"), which were all cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli. Most of these intermediate clones were sequenced, and clones of all four 1/4 genomes with the correct sequence were identified. The complete synthetic genome was assembled by transformation-associated recombination cloning in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then isolated and sequenced. A clone with the correct sequence was identified. The methods described here will be generally useful for constructing large DNA molecules from chemically synthesized pieces and also from combinations of natural and synthetic DNA segments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Daniel G -- Benders, Gwynedd A -- Andrews-Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Denisova, Evgeniya A -- Baden-Tillson, Holly -- Zaveri, Jayshree -- Stockwell, Timothy B -- Brownley, Anushka -- Thomas, David W -- Algire, Mikkel A -- Merryman, Chuck -- Young, Lei -- Noskov, Vladimir N -- Glass, John I -- Venter, J Craig -- Hutchison, Clyde A 3rd -- Smith, Hamilton O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1215-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1151721. Epub 2008 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Bacterial/*chemical synthesis ; DNA, Recombinant ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/*methods ; Mycoplasma genitalium/*genetics ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemical synthesis ; Plasmids ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transformation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: We report the design, synthesis, and assembly of the 1.08-mega-base pair Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 genome starting from digitized genome sequence information and its transplantation into a M. capricolum recipient cell to create new M. mycoides cells that are controlled only by the synthetic chromosome. The only DNA in the cells is the designed synthetic DNA sequence, including "watermark" sequences and other designed gene deletions and polymorphisms, and mutations acquired during the building process. The new cells have expected phenotypic properties and are capable of continuous self-replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Daniel G -- Glass, John I -- Lartigue, Carole -- Noskov, Vladimir N -- Chuang, Ray-Yuan -- Algire, Mikkel A -- Benders, Gwynedd A -- Montague, Michael G -- Ma, Li -- Moodie, Monzia M -- Merryman, Chuck -- Vashee, Sanjay -- Krishnakumar, Radha -- Assad-Garcia, Nacyra -- Andrews-Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Denisova, Evgeniya A -- Young, Lei -- Qi, Zhi-Qing -- Segall-Shapiro, Thomas H -- Calvey, Christopher H -- Parmar, Prashanth P -- Hutchison, Clyde A 3rd -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):52-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190719. Epub 2010 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/analysis ; Base Sequence ; *Bioengineering ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Bacterial/chemical synthesis/genetics ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genetic Engineering ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycoplasma capricolum/*genetics ; Mycoplasma mycoides/*genetics/growth & development/physiology/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Transformation, Bacterial
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-04-13
    Description: Viruses are abundant ubiquitous members of microbial communities and in the marine environment affect population structure and nutrient cycling by infecting and lysing primary producers. Antarctic lakes are microbially dominated ecosystems supporting truncated food webs in which viruses exert a major influence on the microbial loop. Here we report the discovery of a virophage (relative of the recently described Sputnik virophage) that preys on phycodnaviruses that infect prasinophytes (phototrophic algae). By performing metaproteogenomic analysis on samples from Organic Lake, a hypersaline meromictic lake in Antarctica, complete virophage and near-complete phycodnavirus genomes were obtained. By introducing the virophage as an additional predator of a predator–prey dynamic model we determined that the virophage stimulates secondary production through the microbial loop by reducing overall mortality of the host and increasing the frequency of blooms during polar summer light periods. Virophages remained abundant in the lake 2 y later and were represented by populations with a high level of major capsid protein sequence variation (25–100% identity). Virophage signatures were also found in neighboring Ace Lake (in abundance) and in two tropical lakes (hypersaline and fresh), an estuary, and an ocean upwelling site. These findings indicate that virophages regulate host–virus interactions, influence overall carbon flux in Organic Lake, and play previously unrecognized roles in diverse aquatic ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-11-04
    Description: Marine cyanobacteria of the genus Prochlorococcus represent numerically dominant photoautotrophs residing throughout the euphotic zones in the open oceans and are major contributors to the global carbon cycle. Prochlorococcus has remained a genetically intractable bacterium due to slow growth rates and low transformation efficiencies using standard techniques. Our recent successes in cloning and genetically engineering the AT-rich, 1.1 Mb Mycoplasma mycoides genome in yeast encouraged us to explore similar methods with Prochlorococcus . Prochlorococcus MED4 has an AT-rich genome, with a GC content of 30.8%, similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (38%), and contains abundant yeast replication origin consensus sites (ACS) evenly distributed around its 1.66 Mb genome. Unlike Mycoplasma cells, which use the UGA codon for tryptophane, Prochlorococcus uses the standard genetic code. Despite this, we observed no toxic effects of several partial and 15 whole Prochlorococcus MED4 genome clones in S. cerevisiae . Sequencing of a Prochlorococcus genome purified from yeast identified 14 single base pair missense mutations, one frameshift, one single base substitution to a stop codon and one dinucleotide transversion compared to the donor genomic DNA. We thus provide evidence of transformation, replication and maintenance of this 1.66 Mb intact bacterial genome in S. cerevisiae.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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