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  • 1
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    Time-Transgressive North Atlantic Productivity Changes upon Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-27
    Description: [1]  Marine biological export productivity declined in high-latitude regions in the North Pacific and Southern Ocean 2.7 million years ago, in parallel with the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Here, we present data from the North Atlantic, which show a similar but time-transgressive pattern of high-latitude productivity decline from 3.3 to 2.5 Ma, with productivity decreasing first at 69°N, hundreds of thousands of years before it declined at 58°N. We propose that the cumulative data are best explained by an equatorward migration of the westerly winds, which caused a southward shift in the zone of Ekman divergence and upwelling-associated major nutrient supply over this time interval. We suggest that a similar equatorward migration of the westerly winds may also help explain the productivity changes observed in other high latitude regions, particularly the Southern Ocean. At 2.7 Ma, equatorial and temperate Atlantic sites began to show orbitally paced productivity pulses, consistent with a shoaling and meridional contraction of the nutrient-poor “warm sphere” that characterizes the low latitude upper ocean. This timing coincides with observed productivity changes in Southern Ocean, consistent with previous findings that the Southern Ocean exerts a strong influence on the fertility of the low latitude Atlantic. Finally, we propose that the unique basin geometry of the North Atlantic caused deep water formation in this region to remain relatively stable despite equatorward migration of winds and ocean fronts.
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Changes in North Atlantic nitrogen fixation controlled by ocean circulation (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-24
    Description: In the ocean, the chemical forms of nitrogen that are readily available for biological use (known collectively as 'fixed' nitrogen) fuel the global phytoplankton productivity that exports carbon to the deep ocean. Accordingly, variation in the oceanic fixed nitrogen reservoir has been proposed as a cause of glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Marine nitrogen fixation, which produces most of the ocean's fixed nitrogen, is thought to be affected by multiple factors, including ocean temperature and the availability of iron and phosphorus. Here we reconstruct changes in North Atlantic nitrogen fixation over the past 160,000 years from the shell-bound nitrogen isotope ratio ((15)N/(14)N) of planktonic foraminifera in Caribbean Sea sediments. The observed changes cannot be explained by reconstructed changes in temperature, the supply of (iron-bearing) dust or water column denitrification. We identify a strong, roughly 23,000-year cycle in nitrogen fixation and suggest that it is a response to orbitally driven changes in equatorial Atlantic upwelling, which imports 'excess' phosphorus (phosphorus in stoichiometric excess of fixed nitrogen) into the tropical North Atlantic surface. In addition, we find that nitrogen fixation was reduced during glacial stages 6 and 4, when North Atlantic Deep Water had shoaled to become glacial North Atlantic intermediate water, which isolated the Atlantic thermocline from excess phosphorus-rich mid-depth waters that today enter from the Southern Ocean. Although modern studies have yielded diverse views of the controls on nitrogen fixation, our palaeobiogeochemical data suggest that excess phosphorus is the master variable in the North Atlantic Ocean and indicate that the variations in its supply over the most recent glacial cycle were dominated by the response of regional ocean circulation to the orbital cycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Straub, Marietta -- Sigman, Daniel M -- Ren, Haojia -- Martinez-Garcia, Alfredo -- Meckler, A Nele -- Hain, Mathis P -- Haug, Gerald H -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 12;501(7466):200-3. doi: 10.1038/nature12397. Epub 2013 Aug 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. marietta.straub@alumni.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Sequestration ; Carbonates/analysis ; Caribbean Region ; Denitrification ; Foraminifera/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Nitrates/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Deglacial pulses of deep-ocean silicate into the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: Growing evidence suggests that the low atmospheric CO2 concentration of the ice ages resulted from enhanced storage of CO2 in the ocean interior, largely as a result of changes in the Southern Ocean. Early in the most recent deglaciation, a reduction in North Atlantic overturning circulation seems to have driven CO2 release from the Southern Ocean, but the mechanism connecting the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean remains unclear. Biogenic opal export in the low-latitude ocean relies on silicate from the underlying thermocline, the concentration of which is affected by the circulation of the ocean interior. Here we report a record of biogenic opal export from a coastal upwelling system off the coast of northwest Africa that shows pronounced opal maxima during each glacial termination over the past 550,000 years. These opal peaks are consistent with a strong deglacial reduction in the formation of silicate-poor glacial North Atlantic intermediate water (GNAIW). The loss of GNAIW allowed mixing with underlying silicate-rich deep water to increase the silicate supply to the surface ocean. An increase in westerly-wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean in response to the North Atlantic change has been proposed to drive the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2 (refs 3, 4). However, such a circulation change would have accelerated the formation of Antarctic intermediate water and sub-Antarctic mode water, which today have as little silicate as North Atlantic Deep Water and would have thus maintained low silicate concentrations in the Atlantic thermocline. The deglacial opal maxima reported here suggest an alternative mechanism for the deglacial CO2 release. Just as the reduction in GNAIW led to upward silicate transport, it should also have allowed the downward mixing of warm, low-density surface water to reach into the deep ocean. The resulting decrease in the density of the deep Atlantic relative to the Southern Ocean surface promoted Antarctic overturning, which released CO2 to the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meckler, A N -- Sigman, D M -- Gibson, K A -- Francois, R -- Martinez-Garcia, A -- Jaccard, S L -- Rohl, U -- Peterson, L C -- Tiedemann, R -- Haug, G H -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 28;495(7442):495-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. nele.meckler@erdw.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23538831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; *Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Silicates/*analysis/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Southern Ocean dust-climate coupling over the past four million years (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-05
    Description: Dust has the potential to modify global climate by influencing the radiative balance of the atmosphere and by supplying iron and other essential limiting micronutrients to the ocean. Indeed, dust supply to the Southern Ocean increases during ice ages, and 'iron fertilization' of the subantarctic zone may have contributed up to 40 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) of the decrease (80-100 p.p.m.v.) in atmospheric carbon dioxide observed during late Pleistocene glacial cycles. So far, however, the magnitude of Southern Ocean dust deposition in earlier times and its role in the development and evolution of Pleistocene glacial cycles have remained unclear. Here we report a high-resolution record of dust and iron supply to the Southern Ocean over the past four million years, derived from the analysis of marine sediments from ODP Site 1090, located in the Atlantic sector of the subantarctic zone. The close correspondence of our dust and iron deposition records with Antarctic ice core reconstructions of dust flux covering the past 800,000 years (refs 8, 9) indicates that both of these archives record large-scale deposition changes that should apply to most of the Southern Ocean, validating previous interpretations of the ice core data. The extension of the record beyond the interval covered by the Antarctic ice cores reveals that, in contrast to the relatively gradual intensification of glacial cycles over the past three million years, Southern Ocean dust and iron flux rose sharply at the Mid-Pleistocene climatic transition around 1.25 million years ago. This finding complements previous observations over late Pleistocene glacial cycles, providing new evidence of a tight connection between high dust input to the Southern Ocean and the emergence of the deep glaciations that characterize the past one million years of Earth history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Garcia, Alfredo -- Rosell-Mele, Antoni -- Jaccard, Samuel L -- Geibert, Walter -- Sigman, Daniel M -- Haug, Gerald H -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 3;476(7360):312-5. doi: 10.1038/nature10310.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland. alfredo.martinez-garcia@erdw.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21814203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkanes/analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Climate ; Diatoms/metabolism ; Dust/*analysis ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Ice/analysis ; Iron/analysis ; Nitrates/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Uncertainty ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Genomic Variation Among and Within Six Juglans Species (2018)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-03
    Description: Genomic analysis in Juglans (walnuts) is expected to transform the breeding and agricultural production of both nuts and lumber. To that end, we report here the determination of reference sequences for six additional relatives of Juglans regia : Juglans sigillata (also from section Dioscaryon ), Juglans nigra , Juglans microcarpa , Juglans hindsii (from section Rhysocaryon ), Juglans cathayensis (from section Cardiocaryon ), and the closely related Pterocarya stenoptera . While these are ‘draft’ genomes, ranging in size between 640Mbp and 990Mbp, their contiguities and accuracies can support powerful annotations of genomic variation that are often the foundation of new avenues of research and breeding. We annotated nucleotide divergence and synteny by creating complete pairwise alignments of each reference genome to the remaining six. In addition, we have re-sequenced a sample of accessions from four Juglans species (including regia ). The variation discovered in these surveys comprises a critical resource for experimentation and breeding, as well as a solid complementary annotation. To demonstrate the potential of these resources the structural and sequence variation in and around the polyphenol oxidase loci, PPO1 and PPO2 were investigated. As reported for other seed crops variation in this gene is implicated in the domestication of walnuts. The apparently Juglandaceae specific PPO1 duplicate shows accelerated divergence and an excess of amino acid replacement on the lineage leading to accessions of the domesticated nut crop species, Juglans regia and sigillata .
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Subpolar link to the emergence of the modern equatorial Pacific cold tongue (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: The cold upwelling "tongue" of the eastern equatorial Pacific is a central energetic feature of the ocean, dominating both the mean state and temporal variability of climate in the tropics and beyond. Recent evidence for the development of the modern cold tongue during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition has been explained as the result of extratropical cooling that drove a shoaling of the thermocline. We have found that the sub-Antarctic and sub-Arctic regions underwent substantial cooling nearly synchronous to the cold tongue development, thereby providing support for this hypothesis. In addition, we show that sub-Antarctic climate changed in its response to Earth's orbital variations, from a subtropical to a subpolar pattern, as expected if cooling shrank the warm-water sphere of the ocean and thus contracted the subtropical gyres.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Garcia, Alfredo -- Rosell-Mele, Antoni -- McClymont, Erin L -- Gersonde, Rainer -- Haug, Gerald H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1550-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1184480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. alfredo.martinez-garcia@erdw.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Two modes of change in Southern Ocean productivity over the past million years (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-23
    Description: Export of organic carbon from surface waters of the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean decreased during the last ice age, coinciding with declining atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations, signaling reduced exchange of CO(2) between the ocean interior and the atmosphere. In contrast, in the Subantarctic Zone, export production increased into ice ages coinciding with rising dust fluxes, thus suggesting iron fertilization of subantarctic phytoplankton. Here, a new high-resolution productivity record from the Antarctic Zone is compiled with parallel subantarctic data over the past million years. Together, they fit the view that the combination of these two modes of Southern Ocean change determines the temporal structure of the glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO(2) record, including during the interval of "lukewarm" interglacials between 450 and 800 thousand years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaccard, S L -- Hayes, C T -- Martinez-Garcia, A -- Hodell, D A -- Anderson, R F -- Sigman, D M -- Haug, G H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 22;339(6126):1419-23. doi: 10.1126/science.1227545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. samuel.jaccard@erdw.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23520109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Ice Cover ; Iron/analysis ; *Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Iron fertilization of the Subantarctic ocean during the last ice age (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: John H. Martin, who discovered widespread iron limitation of ocean productivity, proposed that dust-borne iron fertilization of Southern Ocean phytoplankton caused the ice age reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). In a sediment core from the Subantarctic Atlantic, we measured foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes to reconstruct ice age nitrate consumption, burial fluxes of iron, and proxies for productivity. Peak glacial times and millennial cold events are characterized by increases in dust flux, productivity, and the degree of nitrate consumption; this combination is uniquely consistent with Subantarctic iron fertilization. The associated strengthening of the Southern Ocean's biological pump can explain the lowering of CO2 at the transition from mid-climate states to full ice age conditions as well as the millennial-scale CO2 oscillations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Garcia, Alfredo -- Sigman, Daniel M -- Ren, Haojia -- Anderson, Robert F -- Straub, Marietta -- Hodell, David A -- Jaccard, Samuel L -- Eglinton, Timothy I -- Haug, Gerald H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1347-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1246848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Foraminifera/chemistry/metabolism ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Ice Cover ; *Iron/analysis ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Increased dust deposition in the Pacific Southern Ocean during glacial periods (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: Dust deposition in the Southern Ocean constitutes a critical modulator of past global climate variability, but how it has varied temporally and geographically is underdetermined. Here, we present data sets of glacial-interglacial dust-supply cycles from the largest Southern Ocean sector, the polar South Pacific, indicating three times higher dust deposition during glacial periods than during interglacials for the past million years. Although the most likely dust source for the South Pacific is Australia and New Zealand, the glacial-interglacial pattern and timing of lithogenic sediment deposition is similar to dust records from Antarctica and the South Atlantic dominated by Patagonian sources. These similarities imply large-scale common climate forcings, such as latitudinal shifts of the southern westerlies and regionally enhanced glaciogenic dust mobilization in New Zealand and Patagonia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamy, F -- Gersonde, R -- Winckler, G -- Esper, O -- Jaeschke, A -- Kuhn, G -- Ullermann, J -- Martinez-Garcia, A -- Lambert, F -- Kilian, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):403-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1245424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred-Wegener-Institut (AWI) Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate Change ; *Dust ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Ice Cover ; New Zealand ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    A stagnation event in the deep South Atlantic during the last interglacial period (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: During the last interglacial period, global temperatures were ~2 degrees C warmer than at present and sea level was 6 to 8 meters higher. Southern Ocean sediments reveal a spike in authigenic uranium 127,000 years ago, within the last interglacial, reflecting decreased oxygenation of deep water by Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Unlike ice age reductions in AABW, the interglacial stagnation event appears decoupled from open ocean conditions and may have resulted from coastal freshening due to mass loss from the Antarctic ice sheet. AABW reduction coincided with increased North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation, and the subsequent reinvigoration in AABW coincided with reduced NADW formation. Thus, alternation of deep water formation between the Antarctic and the North Atlantic, believed to characterize ice ages, apparently also occurs in warm climates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hayes, Christopher T -- Martinez-Garcia, Alfredo -- Hasenfratz, Adam P -- Jaccard, Samuel L -- Hodell, David A -- Sigman, Daniel M -- Haug, Gerald H -- Anderson, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1514-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1256620.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. cthayes@mit.edu. ; Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. ; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Climate Change ; *Ice Cover ; Oxygen/analysis ; Salinity ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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