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  • 1
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    Marine ecosystem responses to Cenozoic global change (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: The future impacts of anthropogenic global change on marine ecosystems are highly uncertain, but insights can be gained from past intervals of high atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure. The long-term geological record reveals an early Cenozoic warm climate that supported smaller polar ecosystems, few coral-algal reefs, expanded shallow-water platforms, longer food chains with less energy for top predators, and a less oxygenated ocean than today. The closest analogs for our likely future are climate transients, 10,000 to 200,000 years in duration, that occurred during the long early Cenozoic interval of elevated warmth. Although the future ocean will begin to resemble the past greenhouse world, it will retain elements of the present "icehouse" world long into the future. Changing temperatures and ocean acidification, together with rising sea level and shifts in ocean productivity, will keep marine ecosystems in a state of continuous change for 100,000 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norris, R D -- Turner, S Kirtland -- Hull, P M -- Ridgwell, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):492-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1240543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. rnorris@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change/history ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, Ancient ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Tidal Waves ; Vertebrates
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-31
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate are regulated on geological timescales by the balance between carbon input from volcanic and metamorphic outgassing and its removal by weathering feedbacks; these feedbacks involve the erosion of silicate rocks and organic-carbon-bearing rocks. The integrated effect of these processes is reflected in the calcium carbonate compensation depth, which is the oceanic depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved. Here we present a carbonate accumulation record that covers the past 53 million years from a depth transect in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The carbonate compensation depth tracks long-term ocean cooling, deepening from 3.0-3.5 kilometres during the early Cenozoic (approximately 55 million years ago) to 4.6 kilometres at present, consistent with an overall Cenozoic increase in weathering. We find large superimposed fluctuations in carbonate compensation depth during the middle and late Eocene. Using Earth system models, we identify changes in weathering and the mode of organic-carbon delivery as two key processes to explain these large-scale Eocene fluctuations of the carbonate compensation depth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palike, Heiko -- Lyle, Mitchell W -- Nishi, Hiroshi -- Raffi, Isabella -- Ridgwell, Andy -- Gamage, Kusali -- Klaus, Adam -- Acton, Gary -- Anderson, Louise -- Backman, Jan -- Baldauf, Jack -- Beltran, Catherine -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Bown, Paul -- Busch, William -- Channell, Jim E T -- Chun, Cecily O J -- Delaney, Margaret -- Dewangan, Pawan -- Dunkley Jones, Tom -- Edgar, Kirsty M -- Evans, Helen -- Fitch, Peter -- Foster, Gavin L -- Gussone, Nikolaus -- Hasegawa, Hitoshi -- Hathorne, Ed C -- Hayashi, Hiroki -- Herrle, Jens O -- Holbourn, Ann -- Hovan, Steve -- Hyeong, Kiseong -- Iijima, Koichi -- Ito, Takashi -- Kamikuri, Shin-ichi -- Kimoto, Katsunori -- Kuroda, Junichiro -- Leon-Rodriguez, Lizette -- Malinverno, Alberto -- Moore, Ted C Jr -- Murphy, Brandon H -- Murphy, Daniel P -- Nakamura, Hideto -- Ogane, Kaoru -- Ohneiser, Christian -- Richter, Carl -- Robinson, Rebecca -- Rohling, Eelco J -- Romero, Oscar -- Sawada, Ken -- Scher, Howie -- Schneider, Leah -- Sluijs, Appy -- Takata, Hiroyuki -- Tian, Jun -- Tsujimoto, Akira -- Wade, Bridget S -- Westerhold, Thomas -- Wilkens, Roy -- Williams, Trevor -- Wilson, Paul A -- Yamamoto, Yuhji -- Yamamoto, Shinya -- Yamazaki, Toshitsugu -- Zeebe, Richard E -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):609-14. doi: 10.1038/nature11360.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. hpaelike@marum.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22932385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Calcium Carbonate/*analysis ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Diatoms/metabolism ; Foraminifera/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Global Warming/history/statistics & numerical data ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Marine Biology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-31
    Description: Once thought to be devoid of life, the ice-covered parts of Antarctica are now known to be a reservoir of metabolically active microbial cells and organic carbon. The potential for methanogenic archaea to support the degradation of organic carbon to methane beneath the ice, however, has not yet been evaluated. Large sedimentary basins containing marine sequences up to 14 kilometres thick and an estimated 21,000 petagrams (1 Pg equals 10(15) g) of organic carbon are buried beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. No data exist for rates of methanogenesis in sub-Antarctic marine sediments. Here we present experimental data from other subglacial environments that demonstrate the potential for overridden organic matter beneath glacial systems to produce methane. We also numerically simulate the accumulation of methane in Antarctic sedimentary basins using an established one-dimensional hydrate model and show that pressure/temperature conditions favour methane hydrate formation down to sediment depths of about 300 metres in West Antarctica and 700 metres in East Antarctica. Our results demonstrate the potential for methane hydrate accumulation in Antarctic sedimentary basins, where the total inventory depends on rates of organic carbon degradation and conditions at the ice-sheet bed. We calculate that the sub-Antarctic hydrate inventory could be of the same order of magnitude as that of recent estimates made for Arctic permafrost. Our findings suggest that the Antarctic Ice Sheet may be a neglected but important component of the global methane budget, with the potential to act as a positive feedback on climate warming during ice-sheet wastage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadham, J L -- Arndt, S -- Tulaczyk, S -- Stibal, M -- Tranter, M -- Telling, J -- Lis, G P -- Lawson, E -- Ridgwell, A -- Dubnick, A -- Sharp, M J -- Anesio, A M -- Butler, C E H -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):633-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11374.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. j.l.wadham@bris.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22932387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Feedback ; Gases/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/microbiology ; Global Warming ; Ice Cover ; Methane/*analysis/biosynthesis/chemistry ; Pressure ; Solubility ; Temperature ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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