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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 25 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 77 (1973), S. 1814-1816 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 701-731 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cereals (maize, sorghum, millet, rice) are extremely important crops grown in Africa for human consumption. Of the various insect pests attacking cereal crops in Africa, lepidopteran stem borers are by far the most injurious. All 21 economically important stem borers of cultivated grasses in Africa are indigenous except Chilo partellus, which invaded the continent from India, and C. sacchariphagus, which has recently been found in sugarcane in Mozambique. C. partellus is competitively displacing indigenous stem borers in East and southern Africa. A parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes, was introduced from Pakistan for biological control of C. partellus and caused a 32-55% decrease in stem borer densities. This article is an attempt to summarize the status of knowledge about economically important cereal stem borers in Africa with emphasis on their distribution, pest status and yield losses, diapause, natural enemies, cultural control, host plant resistance, and biological control. Special attention is given to Busseola fusca and C. partellus, the most important pests of maize and grain sorghum.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] As part of a programme for controlling lepidopteran stem-borers in cereal crops in Africa, we have investigated the effectiveness of combined cropping regimes of cultivatedand wild plants for reducing stem-borer damage. Intercropping with the non-host molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora, ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 54 (1998), S. 384-390 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Comparison of early- and late-growth crystal morphologies of several water-soluble ionic materials suggests that early rapid growth is accompanied by a specific type of morphological distortion. This distortion, involving a change in the relative growth rate of just one growth direction, is consistent with our previously proposed mechanism for the transition from normal, polyhedral crystal growth to dendritic growth. Interpretation of this morphological distortion was aided by morphology prediction methods based on computed attachment energies.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; orientation ; movement ; phototaxis ; plant factors ; rice volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au laboratoire et en plein champ, avec la lumière venant d'en haut, les larves du premier stade de la pyrale du riz C. medinalis s'orientent vers le bars lorsqu'elles se trouvent sur une feuille de riz tenue verticale, et elles s'orientent vers le haut lorsqu'elles sont sur du papier filtre. La direction d'orientation sur les deux substrat s'inverse lorsque la lumière provient du bas. Ces différences d'orientation par rapport à la source de lumière, sur la feuille de riz et sur le papier filtre, se maintiennent même lorsque le substrat est horizontal. Lorsque l'expérience est effectuée dans l'obscurité, l'intensité de la réaction d'orientation vers le haut sur du papier filtre tenu verticalement se réduit, et l'orientation vers le bas sur la feuille de riz disparaît. Sur des substrats horizontaux (feuille de riz et papier filtre), les larves ne s'orientent pas dans l'obscurité. On n'observe pas de différence dans le comportement d'orientation entre des larves issues d'œufs pondus sur des plants de riz ou sur des substrats non végétaux, ou entre des larves exposées aux substances volatiles du riz ou à de l'air pur. Le comportement d'orientation des larves du premier stade sur des variétés de riz susceptibles ou résistantes est similaire, mais sur des graminées non-hôtes on n'observe pas d'orientation significative vers le haut ou vers le bas. En traitant les feuilles de riz avec de l'hexane pour enlever les cires de surface, on réduit l'intensité de la réaction d'orientation; cependant, l'application de cires de surface sur du papier filtre ne modifie pas significativement le comportement des larves. Sur une feuille de riz séchée, l'orientation est similaire à celle observée sur papier filtre, mais est d'une intensité plus faible. Les substances volatiles du riz extraites par distillation à la vapeur et appliquées sur une feuille de riz séchée causent une perte d'orientation à 500 pm, tandis que leur application sur du papier filtre cause une décroissance dose-dépendante de l'intensité de l'orientation vers le haut. Ces résultats indiquent que les larves du premier stade de C. medinalis sont positivement phototactiques et que des substance volatiles et d'autres substances jusqu'ici non identifiées et présentes dans les plants de riz causent une inversion ans la phototaxie, ce qui résulte en une orientation vers le bas sur les feuilles de riz.
    Notes: Abstract First-instar larvae of the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenńe) oriented upwards on a vertically inclined filter paper and downwards on a rice leaf when the light source was from above. The direction of orientation was reversed when the light source was from below. The opposite directions of orientation on these substrates persisted when the substrates were held horizontal with light source from the sides. No difference was observed in the magnitude of reaction on susceptible and resistant rice varieties or when the rice leaf was held with its distal end pointing down. On non-host grasses, however, the directional orientation was lost. Dipping rice leaves in hexane decreased the magnitude of reaction. On dried rice leaf, the reaction was similar to that on filter paper but was of a lower magnitude. Application of rice plant volatile extracts on a filter paper decreased the intensity of upward orientation while 500 ppm of the volatile extracts applied on dried leaf caused a loss of oriented movement. Application of a mixture of seven volatile chemicals, identified from rice, decreased the magnitude of reaction significantly. It is concluded that rice plant volatiles along with some other hitherto unidentified rice plant factor cause a reversal of phototaxis, leading to downward orientation on the rice leaf.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rice leaffolder ; neonate larval ; feeding site ; movement ; whorl leaf ; mature leaf ; resistance ; varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract More first-instar larvae of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), were recovered from susceptible IR36 and Roxoro rice varieties than resistant TKM6 and Oryza perennis, 24 h after infestation. Within a rice plant, a higher proportion of larvae was recovered from young whorl leaf, followed by mature leaves and leafsheaths on all the four rice varieties tested. However, differences were observed between susceptible and resistant varieties in the distribution of larvae on these three plant parts. In laboratory choice tests, first-instar larvae preferred to settle on the young leaves of IR36 and TKM6 when presented with their respective mature leaves. No such preference was observed in tests with Rexoro and O. perennis. Larval survival was similar on young and mature leaves of Rexoro. Young leaves of IR36 and TKM6 were more suitable for survival in comparison with their respective mature leaves while the reverse was true for O. perennis. Larval movement was slower on the mature leaves and larvae took longer to reach the whorl leaf of TKM6 than on IR36. The density of trichomes of the abaxial surface of TKM6 was higher than that of the other varieties tested. Adaptive significance of feeding in the leafwhorl to young larvae is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 303 (1981), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The elastic angular distribution and polarization of ∼1 GeV protons on4He and12C have been analysed using the recently proposed correlation expansion for the Glauber amplitude by retaining terms up to three-body density only. The calculations include Coulomb and spin effects. Using realistic form factors for target nuclei it is found that we need to consider only up to the second-order density term to provide a satisfactory explanation of both kinds of experimental data in the available momentum transfer region. The contribution of the three-body density term is only marginal except in4He differential cross-section in the cm angular range 45°〈θ cm〈65°.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; insect resistance ; leaffolders ; wild rices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Reisblattroller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, ist ein Hauptschädling für Reis in mehreren asiatischen Ländern. Züchtung von Resistenz genenüber dem Blattroller ist eine praktikable Methode der Bekämpfung dieses Schädlings. Da alle modernen Reissorten gegen C. medinalis anfällig sind, werden verbesserte Sorten mit Resistenz gegenüber diesem Schädling benötigt. Glücklicherweise zeigen einige Wildreisarten ausgeprägte Resistenze gegenüber diesem Schädling. Die Resistenzmechanismen für C. medinalis in Wildreis sind jedoch unklar. Wir untersuchten auf welche Weise die Etablierung von C. medinalis auf selektierten Wildreisarten beeinflusst wird. Von vier ausgewählten Wildreisarten zeigten Oryza perennis und O. punctata Resistenz gegenüber dem Blattroller, während O. australiensis und O. nivara mässig resistant waren. Larven von C. medinalis zeigten ein starke Nicht-Präferenz in der Besiedlung von O. australiensis, O. perennis und O. nivara im Vergleich zu der anfälligen Reissorte IR36. Von den getesteten Wildreisarten wurde jedoch nur O. australiensis hinsichtlich Larvenbesiedlung und-frass stärker bevorzugt als die resistenten TKM6 Pflanzen. Der Wachstumsindex von C. medinalis war, mit Ausnahme von O. punctata, auf allen Wildreisarten signifikant niedriger als auf IR36 und TKM6 Pflanzen. Im Käfig zeigte das erste Larvenstadium an O. perennis signifikant niedrigere Larven- und Puppengewichte als an den übrigen Wildreisarten. Die Beigabe von trockenem Blattmehl von O. punctata und O. perennis Wildreis zur künstlichen Nahrung verursachte hohe Larvensterblichkeit. Eiablegende Weibchen zeigten weniger Präferenz für Wildreis als für IR36 und TKM6 Pflanzen. Da Resistenz gegen C. medinalis in angebauten Reissorten selten vorkommt, könnte die Resistenz, die in Wildreis identifiziert wurde, im Züchtungsprogramm Verwendung finden.
    Notes: Abstract Of four wild rices evaluated, Oryza perennis and O. punctata showed resistance to rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), whereas O. australiensis and O. nivara were moderately resistant. C. medinalis larvae showed a strong nonpreference for settling and feeding on Oryza australiensis, O. perennis and O. nivara as compared to susceptible IR36 rice variety. Among wild rices tested, however, only O. australiensis, was more preferred for larval settling and feeding than resistant TKM6 plants. The growth index of C. medinalis on all wild rices, except O. punctata was significantly lower than on IR36 and TKM6 plants. First-instar larvae caged on O. perennis showed significantly lower larval and pupal weights than those on other wild rices. Incorporation of dry leaf powder of O. punctata and O. perennis wild rices in an artificial diet caused high larval mortality. Ovipositing gravid females showed less preference for wild rices than for IR36 and TKM6 plants.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Glycine max ; soybeans ; trichomes ; plant resistance ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la densité et de la longueur des trichomes de Glycine max sur la résistance à Trichoplusia ni a été évaluée suivant la position des feuilles sur une lignée résistante (‘PI 227687’) et sur un cultivar sensible (‘Davis’). Les feuilles apicales (juvéniles) tant de PI 227687 que de Davis, recouvertes de trichomes denses, résistèrent mieux à l'alimentation larvaire et à la survie de T. ni. Quand ces trichomes étaient éliminés, ces feuilles ne résistaient pas plus à l'alimentation des larves de T. ni que les feuilles non rasées TL3 et TL5 de PI 227687 ou toutes les autres feuilles de Davis. Les tests avec des extraits dans l'acétate d'éthyle et l'hexane de feuilles provenant de différentes positions de PI 227687 et Davis, destinés à mettre en évidence des phagodissuadants, ont montré que la résistance observée chez les feuilles apicales de Davis était attribuable aux trichomes (c'est-à-dire à un caractère morphologique), tandis que chez les mêmes feuilles de PI 227687 elle impliquait à la fois des trichomes (morphologie) et des substances chimiques, mais avec une prédominance de l'influence des trichomes.
    Notes: Abstract Role of leaf trichome density and length in Glycine max (L.) Merr. resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) was evaluated at different leaf positions on a relatively resistant soybean, plant introduction (PI) 227687, and a relatively susceptible cultivar, ‘Davis’. The uppermost (juvenile) leaf within both PI 227687 and ‘Davis’ plants, which is densely covered with trichomes, was most resistant to T. ni larval feeding and survival. When these trichomes were shaven off, such leaves became as susceptible to T. ni larval feeding as unshaven TL3 and TL5 leaves (PI 227687) or all other unshaven leaves (‘Davis’). Bioassays for antifeedants in ethyl acetate and hexane extractables from leaves at the different positions on PI 227687 and ‘Davis’ plants showed that the resistance observed in the uppermost ‘Davis’ leaf is attributable to trichomes (i.e., a morphological factor); whereas, in the uppermost PI 227687 leaf it involves both morphological (trichomes) and chemical factors, but the trichome parameter is dominant.
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