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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2757-2762 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: High-pressure chemistry ; Activation volumes ; Reaction volumes ; Packing coefficients ; Retro Diels-Alder reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The activation and reaction volumes (ΔV#/ΔV) were determined for the retro Diels-Alder reactions of the parent dihydrobarrelene 1a, its 2-cyano derivative 1b, the exo and endo Diels-Alder adducts of maleic anhydride to naphthalene exo-, endo-4, and the exo and endo Diels-Alder adducts of N-phenylmaleic imide to 6,6-dimethylfulvene exo-, endo-8 from the pressure dependence of the rate constants and the partial molar volumes (V) of reactants and products at various temperatures. The cleavage of exo-4, endo-4, and exo-8 are slightly accelerated by pressure showing negative volumes of activation (ΔV# 〈 0) whereas the others are slightly retarded (ΔV# 〉 0). From the analysis of the volume data including the van der Waals volumes (Vw) one can conclude that the packing coefficients of the pericyclic transition states are equal to or even larger than those of the corresponding Diels-Alder adducts. This finding may be explained with the restriction of the degrees of freedom in the transition states leading to a contraction of the expansion volume.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2286-2295 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Norcaradiene-Norcaradiene Rearrangement, III. The Photochemical Rearrangement of Optically Active [Norcaradiene ⇌ Cycloheptatriene] DerivativesThe stereochemical course of the photochemical norcaradiene-norcaradiene rearrangement benzophenonesensitized is studied for the optically active systems methyl-2,7 dimethyl[norcaradiene ⇌ cycloheptatriene]-7-carboxylate (1) and 2,7-dimethyl[norcaradiene ≥ cycloheptatriene]-7-carbonitrile (2). In both systems the rearrangement is highly stereoselective( 1 ≥ 92%, and 2 76%) and proceeds with inversion at the migrating carbon C-7 similar to the corresponding thermal rearrangement. In nitrile 2 an additional racemization of the starting material due to an epimerization of C-7 competes with the rearrangement. Stereoselective diradical processes of triplett states are postulated to explain these results.
    Notes: Der stereochemische Verlauf der mit Benzophenon sensibilisierten, photochemischen Norcaradien-Norcaradien-Umlagerung wird am Beispiel der optisch aktiven Systeme 2,7-Dimethyl-[norcaradien ⇌ cycloheptatrien]-7-carbonsäure-methylester (1) und -7-carbonitril (2) untersucht. In beiden Systemen erfolgt die Umlagerung ähnlich wie die entsprechende thermische Umlagerung mit hoher Stereoselektivität (1 ≥ 92% und 2 ≥ 76%) unter Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-7. Im Nitril 2 wird außerdem eine mit der Umlagerung konkurrierende Racemisierung des Ausgangsmaterials beobachtet, die auf eine Epimerisierung an C-7 zurückgeführt wird. Zur Erklärung der Ergebnisse werden stereoselektive, diradikalische Prozesse aus Triplettzuständen postuliert.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1080-1081 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Simple Synthesis of Norcaradiene-7,7-dicarbonitrileAlternatively to the synthesis reported by Ciganek 1) title-compound 4 can be prepared by reaction of anion 2 with 2-naphthyl cyanate.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1168-1188 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Norcaradiene-Norcaradiene Rearrangement, II. The Thermal Rearrangement of Optically Active [Norcaradiene ⇌ Cycloheptatriene] DerivativesThe stereochemical course of the thermal norcaradiene-norcaradiene rearrangement discovered by Berson and Willcott is studied for the optically active systems methyl 2,7-dimethyl[norcaradiene ⇌ cycloheptatriene]-7-carboxalate (3) and 2,7-dimethyl[norcaradiene ⇌ cycloheptatriene]-7-carbonitrile (4). In both systems the rearrangement is highly stereoselective and proceeds with inversion at the migrating carbon C-7 contrary to the predictions of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. This result is discussed considering diradical transition states.
    Notes: Der stereochemische Verlauf der von Berson und Willcott entdeckten thermischen Norcaradien-Norcaradien-Umlagerung wird am Beispiel der optisch aktiven Systeme 2,7-Dimethyl[norcaradien ⇌ cycloheptatrien]-7-carbonsäure-methylester (3) und -7-carbonitril (4) untersucht. In beiden Systemen erfolgt die Umlagerung mit hoher Stereoselektivität. Entgegen den Voraussagen der Woodward-Hoffmann-Regeln wird in jedem Fall Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-7 gefunden. Das Ergebnis wird unter dem Aspekt diradikalischer Übergangszustände diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Repetitive Diels-Alder reactions ; Bis-dienes ; Bis-dienophiles ; endo,exo Stereoselectivity ; High-pressure chemistry ; Cycloadditions ; Macrocycles ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of syn-dimethanotetrahydroanthracene, -tetracene, and -pentacene derivatives 8a-d, 9a-d, and syn-25 are described. Highly stereoselective, pressure-induced Diels-Alder reactions of the bis-dienophiles 8a and/or 9a with the bis-diene 7 lead to the sterically rigid macrocycles 1a, 2a, and 3a/3b, which have well defined cavities of different sizes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 1818-1829 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heats of Hydrogenation, II. Heats of Hydrogenation of Bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-ene, an Antiaromatic SystemThe heat of hydrogenation of the olefinic double bond in bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-ene (2) and in the 5,5-dimethyl derivative 22 has been determined (42.5 and 42.0 kcal mol-1). By comparison with the heat of hydrogenation of the double bond in bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-2-ene (10) and bicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-6-ene (9) an antiaromatic destabilisation of 10 kcal mol-1 is demonstrated. The antiaromaticity of 2 is also manifested in its high dienophilic reactivity. The rate of the reaction of 2 with 1,3-cyclopentadiene (6) is enhanced by a factor of 4.5 × 104 compared to the analogous reaction of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene (8).
    Notes: Die Hydrierwärme der olefinischen Doppelbindung in Bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-en (2) sowie im 5,5-Dimethylderivat 22 wird zu 42.5 bzw. 42.0 kcal mol-1 bestimmt. Durch Vergleich mit der Hydrierwärme der Doppelbindung von Bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-2-en (10) und Bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en (9) ergibt sich für das Bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-en-System eine antiaromatische Destabilisierung von 10 kcal mol-1. Der antiaromatische Charakter von 2 zeigt sich auch in seiner hohen Reaktivität als Dienophil. 2 reagiert mit 1,3-Cyclopentadien (6) 4.5 × 104 mal schneller als Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-en (8).
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Azoles, optically active, thermolysis and photolysis of ; Walk rearrangement ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mechanism of the Cyclopropane “Walk” Rearrangement: Synthesis and Properties of an Optically Active Diazoalkane-Toluene Adduct; a Highly Stereoselective N2 EliminationThe synthesis and the thermal and photochemical behavior of the optically active 2-diazo-1-methoxypropane-toluene adduct 3 are reported. The N2 elimination of 3 ocurs with one and the same stereochemical course upon thermolysis as well as direct photolysis: 7-(Methoxymethyl)-1,7-dimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (1) is formed with retention of configuration at C-7 and 7-(methoxymethyl)-2,7-dimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (2) with inversion of configuration at C-7. These stereochemical findings are explained by an intermediary singlet diradical 1[4] in which the ring closure between C-1 and C-7 or C-5 and C-7 is faster than the rotation around the single bond between C-6 and C-7. In the case of the thermally induced formation of 2 a concerted N2 elimination has to be considered as a competitive pathway. The results presented here are well in accord with the stereochemical analysis of the cyclopropane “walk” rearrangement 1⇋2 reported previously and are therefore a good evidence that the diradical intermediate 4 is also involved in the “walk” rearrangement. In the photochemically induced N2 elimination of 3, sensitized by benzophenone and leading again to 1 and 2, a surprisingly high degree of stereoselectivity is observed. Thus, the intermediary triplet diradical 3[4] must have a much shorter life time than ordinary 1,3-diradicals in the triplet state.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Homoaromaticity ; Resonance energy ; Calculations, force-field ; Heats of hydrogenation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heats of Hydrogenation, IV.  -  Homoaromaticity in Norcaradiene and CycloheptatrieneBy comparison of the heats of hydrogenation of fixed norcaradienes with analogous cyclobutane derivatives and from the difference of experimental heats of formation with values calculated by force-field methods the homoaromatic stabilization of norcaradienes and cycloheptatrienes are calculated and compared with the equilibrium position of the respective valence isomers.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbanion alkylation ; Electron transfer ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Rate constants ; Circular dichroism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reductive alkylation of the pyrene isomer 1 affords bridged [14]annulenes (2) and 2a,3-dihydro-2a,3-dialkyldicyclopenta[ef,kl]heptalenes (3). The involvement of an electron transfer (ET) in this reaction is demonstrated by optically pure electrophiles. Supporting evidence for ET processes is provided by cyclic voltammetric measurement of rate constants for both the ET process and the SN2 reaction. The choice of the electrophile is relevant not only for the importance of electron transfer, but also for the regioselectivity of the alkylation reaction.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 299-322 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Rearrangement of Substituted Bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-enes. A Thermal “Walk”-RearrangementThe synthesis and the thermal behaviour of methyl 5-methyl-, 1,5-, and 2,5-dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-ene-5-carboxylates 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b, as well as of 1,5- and 2,5-dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-ene-5-carbonitriles 6a, 7a, b are reported. The “walk”-rearrangement which is degenerate in the cases of 3a, b could be detected experimentally with the aid of the dimethyl derivatives 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a, and 7a, b. Electrocyclic ring opening to the correspondingly substituted 1,3-cyclopentadienes competes with the “walk”-rearrangements. Already at 0°C the “walk”-rearrangements 4a → 5a, 4b → 5b, and 6a → 7a proceed stereospecifically with inversion at the migrating carbon atom C-5 as postulated by Woodward and Hoffmann (0°C: ΔG* = 21.7, 24.8, and 21.9 kcal/mol). We assume that the surprisingly low activation barriers do not only result from the resonance stabilization of an aromatic transition state but largely from the anomalously high ground-state enthalpy of the bicyclopentene system.
    Notes: Synthese und thermisches Verhalten der 5-Methyl-, 1,5-Dimethyl- und 2,5-Dimethylbicyclo-[2.1.0]pent-2-en-5-carbonsäure-methylester 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b und -carbonitrile 6a, 7a, b werden beschrieben. Die in den Systemen 3a, b strukturell entartete „walk“-Umlagerung konnte am Beispiel der Dimethylderivate 4a, b, 5a, b, 6a und 7a, b experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Dazu konkurrierend finden elektrocyclische Ringöffnungen zu den entsprechend substituierten 1,3-Cyclopentadienen statt. Die „walk“-Umlagerungen 4a → 5a, 4b → 5b und 6a → 7a erfolgen bereits bei 0°C stereospezifisch mit der von Woodward und Hoffmann postulierten Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-5 (0°C: ΔG* = 21.7, 24.8 bzw. 21.9 kcal/mol). Vermutlich resultieren die überraschend niedrigen Aktivierungsbarrieren nicht allein aus der Resonanzstabilisierung eines aromatischen Übergangszustandes, sondern wesentlich aus der anomal hohen Grundzustandsenthalpie des Bicyclopentensystems.
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