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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (7)
  • Computer Programming and Software  (1)
  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing  (1)
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  • 1
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    Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor from GOES, Raman lidar, and Cross-chain Loran Atmospheric Sounding System measurements (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Observations of upper tropospheric relative humidity obtained from Raman lidar and Cross-chain Loran Atmospheric Sounding System (CLASS) sonde instruments obtained during the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) Cirrus-II field program are compared with satellite measurements from the GOES 6.7-micron channel. The 6.7-micron channel is sensitive to water vapor integrated over a broad layer in the upper troposphere (roughly 500-200 mbar). Instantaneous measurements of the upper tropospheric relative humidity from GOES are shown to agree to within roughly 6% of the nearest lidar observations and 9% of the nearest CLASS observations. The CLASS data exhibit a slight yet systematic dry bias in upper tropospheric humidity, a result which is consistent with previous radiosonde intercomparisons. Temporal stratification of the CLASS data indicates that the magnitude of the bias is dependent upon the time of day, suggesting a solar heating effect in the radiosonde sensor. Using CLASS profiles, the impact of vertical variability in relative humidity upon the GOES upper tropospheric humidity measurements is also examined. The upper tropospheric humidity inferred from the GOES 6.7-micron channel is demonstrated to agree to within roughly 5% of the relative humidity vertically averaged over the depth of atmosphere to which the 6.7-micron channel is sensitive. The results of this study encourage the use of satellite measurements in the 6.7-micron channel to quantitatively describe the distribution and temporal evolution of the upper tropospheric humidity field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D10; p. 21,005-21,016
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  • 2
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    An increase of early rains in southern Israel following land-use change? (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rains at the onset of the October-April rainy season in southern Israel have steeply increased in the last 25 years relative to the previous 20 years, and are accompanied by an appreciable general increase of rainy-season rainfall. This increase in precipitation is specifically attributable to an intensification of the convection and advection processes due to afforestation and increased cultivation-induced enhancement of the daytime sensible heat flux from the generally dry surface; the enhancement proceeds from both the reduced surface albedo and the reduced soil heat flux in October, when insolation is strong. Greater daytime convection can lead to penetration of inversions capping the planetary boundary layer, while strengthened advection can furnish moist air from the Mediterranean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 53; 333-351
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  • 3
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    Mesoscale generation of available potential energy in the warm sector of an extratropical cyclone (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The generation of available potential energy (APE) was evaluated in the warm sector of an extratropical cyclone containing intense convective activity. Mesoscale rawinsonde data from AVE-SESAME '79 was employed. Parametrization techniques were used for latent and sensible heating components, and variations for the Kuo scheme provided convective latent heat release. Radiative transfer models were used to obtain estimates of infrared and solar processes. The results indicated that solar heating was greater than IR cooling near midday. An extensive low-level cloud deck was the most radiatively active area. Negative generation of APE occurred during most of the period for the SESAME domain as a whole. The leading contributor was convective latent heating located primarily in regions of negative efficiency. Infrared cooling was the only component to consistently produce positive generation. Sensible heating provided an important sink of APE in the low levels during the afternoon.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1150-116
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  • 4
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    Precipitation Processes developed during ARM (1997), TOGA COARE (1992), GATE (1974), SCSMEX (1998), and KWAJEX (1999), Consistent 2D, semi-3D and 3D Cloud Resolving Model Simulations (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Real clouds and cloud systems are inherently three-dimensional (3D). Because of the limitations in computer resources, however, most cloud-resolving models (CRMs) today are still two-dimensional (2D). A few 3D CRMs have been used to study the response of clouds to large-scale forcing. In these 3D simulations, the model domain was small, and the integration time was 6 hours. The major objectives of this paper are: (1) to assess the performance of the super-parameterization technique (i.e. is 2D or semi-3D CRM appropriate for the super-parameterization?); (2) calculate and examine the surface energy (especially radiation) and water budgets; (3) identify the differences and similarities in the organization and entrainment rates of convection between simulated 2D and 3D cloud systems.
    Keywords: Computer Programming and Software
    Type: 2nd Workshop on Super Parameterization; May 06, 2003 - May 11, 2003; Kauai, HI; United States
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  • 5
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    Numerical experiments on the role of radiative processes in the development and maintenance of upper level clouds (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A time-dependent, two-dimensional Eulerian model is presented whose purpose is to obtain more realistic parameterizations of extended high level cloudiness, and the results of a numerical experiment using the model are reported. The model is anelastic and the Bousinesque assumption is invoked. Unresolved subgrid scale processes are parameterized as eddy diffusion processes. Two phases of water are incorporated and equilibrium between them is assumed. The effects of infrared radiative processes are parametrically represented. Two simulations were conducted with identical initial conditions; in one of them, the radiation term was never turned on. The mean values of perturbation potential temperature at each level in the domain are plotted versus height after 15, 30, and 60 minutes of simulated time. The influence of the radiative term is seen to impose a cooling trend, leading to an increased generation of ice water and an increased generation of turbulent kinetic energy in the cloud layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 16, 1981 - Jun 18, 1981; Toronto; Canada
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  • 6
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    Turbulent heat transfer from a sparsely vegetated surface - Two-component representation (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The conventional calculation of heat fluxes from a vegetated surface involving the coefficient of turbulent heat transfer which increases logarithmically with surface roughness, is inappropriate such highly structured surfaces as desert scrub or open forest. An approach is developed here for computing sensible heat flux from sparsely vegetated surfaces, where the absorption of insolation and the transfer of absorbed heat to the atmosphere are calculated separately for the plants and for the soil. This approach is applied to a desert-scrub surface in the northern Sinai, for which the turbulent transfer coefficient of sensible heat flux from the plants is much larger than that from the soil below, as shown by an analysis of plant, soil, and air temperatures. The plant density is expressed as the sum of products (plant-height) x (plant-diameter) of plants per unit horizontal surface area. The solar heat absorbed by the plants is assumed to be transferred immediately to the airflow. The effective turbulent transfer coefficient k(g-eff) for sensible heat from the desert-scrub/soil surface computed under this assumption increases sharply with increasing solar zenith angle, as the plants absorb a greater fraction of the incoming irradiation. The surface absorptivity (the coalbedo) also increases sharply with increasing solar zenith angle, and thus the sensible heat flux from such complex surfaces is a much broader function of time of day than when computed under constant k(g-eff) and constant albedo assumptions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 64; 4; p. 409-420.
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  • 7
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    The role of water vapor in climate. A strategic research plan for the proposed GEWEX water vapor project (GVaP) (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The proposed GEWEX Water Vapor Project (GVaP) addresses fundamental deficiencies in the present understanding of moist atmospheric processes and the role of water vapor in the global hydrologic cycle and climate. Inadequate knowledge of the distribution of atmospheric water vapor and its transport is a major impediment to progress in achieving a fuller understanding of various hydrologic processes and a capability for reliable assessment of potential climatic change on global and regional scales. GVap will promote significant improvements in knowledge of atmospheric water vapor and moist processes as well as in present capabilities to model these processes on global and regional scales. GVaP complements a number of ongoing and planned programs focused on various aspects of the hydrologic cycle. The goal of GVaP is to improve understanding of the role of water vapor in meteorological, hydrological, and climatological processes through improved knowledge of water vapor and its variability on all scales. A detailed description of the GVaP is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-3120 , REPT-91B00108 , NAS 1.55:3120 , Oct 30, 1990 - Nov 01, 1990; Easton, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Cirrus clouds. I - A cirrus cloud model. II - Numerical experiments on the formation and maintenance of cirrus (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A simplified cirrus cloud model is presented which may be used to investigate the role of various physical processes in the life cycle of a cirrus cloud. The model is a two-dimensional, time-dependent, Eulerian numerical model where the focus is on cloud-scale processes. Parametrizations are developed to account for phase changes of water, radiative processes, and the effects of microphysical structure on the vertical flux of ice water. The results of a simulation of a thin cirrostratus cloud are given. The results of numerical experiments performed with the model are described in order to demonstrate the important role of cloud-scale processes in determining the cloud properties maintained in response to larger scale forcing. The effects of microphysical composition and radiative processes are considered, as well as their interaction with thermodynamic and dynamic processes within the cloud. It is shown that cirrus clouds operate in an entirely different manner than liquid phase stratiform clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 2663-269
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  • 9
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    Characterizing Mediterranean Land Surfaces as Component of the Regional Climate System by Remote Sensing (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Extensive areas in the Mediterranean region are subject to land degradation and desertification. The high variability of the coupling between the surface and the atmosphere affects the regional climate. Relevant surface characteristics, such as spectral reflectance, surface emissivity in the thermal-infrared region, and vegetation indices, serve as "primary" level indicators for the state of the surface. Their spatial, seasonal and interannual variability can be monitored from satellites. Using relationships between these primary data and combining them with prior information about the land surfaces (such as topography, dominant soil type, land use, collateral ground measurements and models), a second layer of information is built up which specifies the land surfaces as a component of the regional climate system. To this category of parameters which are directly involved in the exchange of energy, momentum and mass between the surface and the atmosphere, belong broadband albedo, thermodynamic surface temperature, vegetation types, vegetation cover density, soil top moisture, and soil heat flux. Information about these parameters finally leads to the computation of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The methodology was tested with pilot data sets. Full resolution, properly calibrated and normalized NOAA-AVHRR multi-annual primary data sets are presently compiled for the whole Mediterranean area, to study interannual variability and longer term trends.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Dec 06, 1998 - Dec 10, 1998; San Francisco, CA; United States
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