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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: An avian-origin human-infecting influenza (H7N9) virus was recently identified in China. We have evaluated the viral hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding properties of two human H7N9 isolates, A/Shanghai/1/2013 (SH-H7N9) (containing the avian-signature residue Gln(226)) and A/Anhui/1/2013 (AH-H7N9) (containing the mammalian-signature residue Leu(226)). We found that SH-H7N9 HA preferentially binds the avian receptor analog, whereas AH-H7N9 HA binds both avian and human receptor analogs. Furthermore, an AH-H7N9 mutant HA (Leu(226) --〉 Gln) was found to exhibit dual receptor-binding property, indicating that other amino acid substitutions contribute to the receptor-binding switch. The structures of SH-H7N9 HA, AH-H7N9 HA, and its mutant in complex with either avian or human receptor analogs show how AH-H7N9 can bind human receptors while still retaining the avian receptor-binding property.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, Yi -- Zhang, Wei -- Wang, Fei -- Qi, Jianxun -- Wu, Ying -- Song, Hao -- Gao, Feng -- Bi, Yuhai -- Zhang, Yanfang -- Fan, Zheng -- Qin, Chengfeng -- Sun, Honglei -- Liu, Jinhua -- Haywood, Joel -- Liu, Wenjun -- Gong, Weimin -- Wang, Dayan -- Shu, Yuelong -- Wang, Yu -- Yan, Jinghua -- Gao, George F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):243-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1242917. Epub 2013 Sep 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycine/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*metabolism ; Influenza in Birds/*virology ; Influenza, Human/*virology ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-08-30
    Description: Theory has been long established for computing the elastic response of a spherically symmetric terrestrial planetary body to both body tide and surface loading forces. However, for a planet with laterally heterogeneous mantle structure, the response is usually computed using a fully numerical approach. In this paper, we develop a semi-analytic method based on perturbation theory to solve for the elastic response of a planetary body with lateral heterogeneities in its mantle. We present a derivation of the governing equations for our second-order perturbation method and use them to study the high-order tidal effects caused by mode coupling between degree-2 body tide forcing and the laterally heterogeneous elastic structure of the mantle. We test our method by applying it to the Moon in which small long-wavelength lateral heterogeneities are assumed to exist in the elastic moduli of the lunar mantle. The tidal response of the Moon is determined mode by mode, for lateral heterogeneities with different depth ranges within the mantle and different horizontal scales. Our perturbation method solutions are compared with numerical results, showing remarkable agreement between the two methods. We conclude that our perturbation method provides accurate results and can be adapted to address a variety of forward and inverse response problems.
    Keywords: Geodynamics and Tectonics
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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