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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (14)
  • Coumarins, reduction of  (2)
  • Benzoquinones, substituted  (1)
  • Calculations, AM1, force field  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1294-1314 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic Oxidation of Conjugated Dienes1,3-Butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1-acetoxy-1,3-butadiene, and β-ionylideneethane are oxidatively dimerized or dimethoxylated in an undivided cell at graphite-, platinum-, or glassy carbon anodes in methanol/NaClO4 to form substituted dimethoxyoctadienes or dimethoxybutenes. The dimerization is favored by graphite-, carbon cloth-anodes, and dienes being unsubstituted at the terminal positions. The dienes are irreversibly oxidized at peak potentials between EP = +1.04 to +2.0V (vs. Ag/AgCl); the peak potentials correlate linearly with the ionization potentials. For 2,4-hexadiene the n-value is 1.9 to 2.1, the electrochemical reaction order v = 0.98. The dimers are probably formed via radical cations that add as electrophiles to the diene with the formation of a 1,4-radical cation which, after oxidation, undergoes solvolysis or deprotonation.
    Notes: 1,3-Butadienen, Isopren, 1,3-Cyclohexadien, 2,4-Hexadien, 1,3-Pentadien, 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadien. 1-Acetoxy-1,3-butadien und β-Jonylidenethan werden in einer ungeteilten Zelle an Graphit-, Platin- und Glaskohlenstoffanoden in Methanol/NaClO4 zu substituierten Dimethoxyoctadienen oxidativ dimerisiert bzw. zu Dimethoxybutenen dimethoxyliert. Die Dimerisierung wird durch Graphit-, Kohletuchanoden und endständig unsubstituierte Diene begünstigt. Die Diene werden irreversibel bei Peakpotentialen zwischen EP = +1.04 bis 2.0 V (gegen Ag/AgCl) oxidiert; die EP-Werte korrelieren linear mit den Ionisierungspotentialen. Für 2,4-Hexadien beträgt der n-Wert: 1.9-2.1 und die elektrochemische Reaktionsordnung v = 0.98. Die Dimeren bilden sich vermutlich über Radikalkationen, die sich elektrophil an das Dien zu einem 1,4-Radikalkation addieren, das oxidiert und anschließend methanolysiert wird.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 1400-1423 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic Oxidation of OrganoboranesOrganoboranes are converted into more easily oxidizable borates by reaction with nucleophiles and the alkyl groups are dimerized by anodic oxidation. The oxidation potentials (Ep) of the borates depend strongly on the nature of the complexing nucleophile, for instance Ep = +0.37V (vs. SCE) with OH- or +1.65V with tetrahydrofuran. The dimer yields are optimized with trioctylborane (5) by variation of the electrode material and the electrolyte. At the platinum anode in sodium hydroxide-methanol/tetrahydrofuran yields of 80% are obtained for acyclic alkyl groups, and lower ones for cycloalkyl groups. They exceed those obtained by the Kolbe electrolysis or the oxidation with neutral hydrogen peroxide and they are comparable to those of the AgNO3 oxidation. - The selective preparation of unsymmetrical products from borates with different alkyl groups is not possible, the dimerization proceeds likely via free radicals that couple statistically. Good yields of unsymmetrical coupling products are achieved, when one olefin is used in excess. With chloro-, ethoxy-, acetoxy-, and aryl-substituted alkyl groups the dimers are obtained in 21 - 66% yield, with bromide the yield are lower and with nitriles the dimerization fails.
    Notes: Organoborane werden durch Nucleophile in leichter oxidierbare Borate übergeführt und die Alkylreste durch anodische Oxidation dimerisiert. Die Oxidationspotentiale (Ep) der Borate werden stark vom komplexierenden Nucleophil beeinflußt, z. B. Ep = +0.37V (gKE) mit OH- oder + 1.65 V mit Tetrahydrofuran. Mit Trioctylboran (5) werden die Dimerenausbeuten (10) durch Variation von Elektrodenmaterial und Elektrolyt optimiert. An der Platinanode in KOH-Methanol/Tetrahydrofuran liegen die Ausbeuten für acyclische Alkylreste um 80%, die für Cycloalkane niedriger. Sie übertreffen die der Kolbe-Elektrolyse oder der Oxidation mit neutralem Wasserstoffperoxid und sind denen bei der Oxidation mit Silbernitrat vergleichbar. - Die selektive Darstellung unsymmetrischer Produkte aus Boraten mit unterschiedlichen Alkylresten gelingt nicht; die Dimerisierung verläuft wahrscheinlich über freie Radikale, die statistisch kuppeln. Gute Ausbeuten an unsymmetrischen Kupplungsprodukten werden jedoch erzielt, wenn ein Olefin im Überschuß eingesetzt wird. Mit chlor-, ether-, ester- und arylsubstituierten Alkylresten erhält man Dimere mit 21 - 66% Ausbeute. Mit Bromiden gelingt die Kupplung schlecht, mit Nitrilen überhaupt nicht.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Regioselective Functionalization of Non-Activated CH-Bonds, 2. Photochemical Functionalization of the Myristoyl Group in 1,2-Alkanediyl and o-Phenylene 1-(4-Benzoylbenzoate) 2-MyristatesMyristic acid (1a) was linked with ethylene glycol (2a), trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol (2b), and catechol (2c) to 4-benzoylbenzoic acid to form the diesters 4a-c. These cyclize by photolysis to the carbinols 12, which are converted into the methyl 7- to 13-oxomyristates (5a). The ketofunctionalization of the remote CH2-groups in 1a is more selective than in the corresponding benzoylbenzoic esters 13 without the 1,2-alkanediyl or o-phenylene link. Additionally the maximum of the functionalization is shifted from the end towards the middle of the chain. The latter observation can be explained by a higher population of gauche conformations at the beginning of the chain. In CCl4 the selectivity increases slightly from 4a to 4b, c with increasing rigidity of the link. The polarity of the solvent has only a small effect on the selectivity.
    Notes: Myristinsäure (1a) wurde über Ethylenglycol (2a), trans-1,2-Cyclohexandiol (2b) und Brenzcatechin (2c) mit 4-Benzoylbenzoesäure (3a) zu den Diestern 4a-c verklammert. Diese cyclisieren photolytisch zu den Carbinolen 12, die in die Methyl-7-bis-13-oxomyristate (5a) umgewandelt werden. Die erzielte Ketofunktionalisierung der entfernten CH2-Gruppen in 1a ist selektiver als bei vergleichbaren Benzoylbenzoesäureestern 13 ohne 1,2-Alkandiyl- bzw. o-Phenylen-Klammer. Zusätzlich verschiebt sich das Funktionalisierungsmaximum vom Kettenende zur Mitte. Letzteres läßt sich mit einer stärkeren Besetzung der gauche-Konformationen am Kettenbeginn deuten. Die Selektivität nimmt in CCl4 mit zunehmender Starrheit der Klammer von 4a nach 4b, c leicht zu. Die Solvenspolarität beeinflußt die Selektivität nur wenig.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 2303-2306 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Electrochemistry ; 1-Nitroalkenes, reduction of ; Oximes ; Amines ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-Nitroalkenes are reduced in high yields at -0.3 to -0.5 V (vs. SCE) at a mercury or graphite cathode to oximes. At higher cathodic reduction potentials (- 1.1 V) primary amines are selectively obtained in fair yields. Nitroalkadienes are selectively reduced at the double bond conjugated with the nitro group to either the oxime or amine.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Kolbe electrolysis ; Non-Kolbe electrolysis ; Carboxylic acids, α-alkoxy- ; Solvent effects ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The anodic decarboxylation of 3-oxanonanoic acid (2a) and 3-oxapentadecanoic acid (2b) in methanol leads exclusively to products of the non-Kolbe electrolysis. The influence of co-electrolysis, solvent, current density, degree of neutralization and chain length of the alkoxy group on the anodic decarboxylation of 2a, b have been investigated. An extended alkyl chain in the alkoxy group, coelectrolysis with long-chain fatty acids, ethanol or dimethylformamide as solvent, and a high current density favor the Kolbe coupling against the non-Kolbe electrolysis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 859-873 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Benzoquinones, substituted ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Cathodic dioxygen reduction, mediated ; Anodic Wacker oxidation, mediated ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydroxy- (1a-3a) and hydroxyalkyl-substituted benzoquinones (6a-8a, 27a), suited to be immobilized by esterification with polyacrylic acid, are prepared. Their cathodic reduction potential Ep,c (1) correlates linearly with their substituent constant. The cathodic reduction of dioxygen and the palladium(II)-catalyzed anodic oxidation of alkenes are mediated by the benzoquinones 7b, 8b and 27b, respectively.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 451-456 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kolbe Synthesis of 3,11-Dimethyl-2-nonacosanone, a Pheromone of the German Cockroach Blattella germanica3,11-Dimethyl-2-nonacosanone (5) is synthesized by coelectrolysis of 6-methyltetracosanoic acid (3b) with 5-methyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid (4). 3b is obtained by hydrolysis of the corresponding methyl ester 3a, which is prepared from 3-methylheneicosanoic acid (2) by coelectrolysis with methyl glutarate. The sec-butyl ester of 2 is obtained by 1,4-addition of octadecylmagnesium bromide to sec-butyl crotonate (1). 4 can be prepared by alkylation of potassium ethyl 2-methyl-acetoacetate with ethyl 4-bromobutyrate via 6.
    Notes: 3,11-Dimethyl-2-nonacosanon (5) wird durch Coelektrolyse von 6-Methyltetracosansäure (3b) mit 5-Methyl-6-oxoheptansäure (4) synthetisiert. 3b wird durch Verseifung des entsprechenden Methylesters 3a gewonnen, der aus 3-Methylheneicosansäure (2) durch Coelektrolyse mit Glutarsäure-monomethylester erhältlich ist. Den sek-Butylester von 2 liefert die 1,4-Addition von Octadecylmagnesiumbromid an Crotonsäure-sek-butylester (1). 4 läßt sich durch Alkylierung von Kalium-2-methylacetessigsäure-ethylester mit 4-Brombuttersäure-ethylester über 6 darstellen.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 960-969 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of AllenesThe allenes 1-3 are reduced on mercury at -2.17 V (sce) (1), -3.12 V (2), and below -3.30 V (3); they are oxidized on glassy carbon at 1.25, 1.65 V (1), 1.75 V (2), and above 2.25 V (3). In the preparative reduction 1 forms, depending on the workup, 86% of 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyl-1-propene (6a) or up to 50% of aldehyde 9, a formylation product of the rearranged radical anion intermediate; on carboxylation of the electrolyte 54% of carboxylic acid 8 are formed. The allene 2 is hydrogenated to give 30% of (E)-1-phenyl-1-propene (10) and hydrodimerized to form 30% of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diphenylbutane (11). 3 is nearly inert to reduction. The anodic oxidation of 1 yields in methylene dichloride/methanol 61-73% of 2-chloro-1,1,3-triphenylindene (13), which is probably formed by chlorine, that is electrochemically generated from methylene chloride. In methanol/dioxane 13 is not obtained but 71% of indanone 16 are produced. The oxidation of 2 and 3 is unselective; due to follow-up oxidations many products are formed in low yield.
    Notes: Die Allene 1-3 werden bei -2.17 V (gKE) (1), -3.12 V (2) und kathodischer als -3.30 V (3) an Quecksilber reduziert; an Glaskohlenstoff werden sie bei 1.25, 1.65 V (1), 1.75 V (2) und über 2.25 V (3) oxidiert.  -  Bei der präparativen Reduktion entstehen aus 1, je nach Aufarbeitung, 86% 1,1,3,3-Tetraphenyl-1-propen (6a) oder bis 50% des Aldehyds 9, ein Formylierungsprodukt des umgelagerten Radikalanions; beim Carboxylieren des Elektrolyten bilden sich 54% der Carbonsäure 8. Das Allen 2 wird zu 30% (E)-1-Phenyl-1-propen (10) hydriert und zu 30 % 2,3-Dimethyl-1,4-diphenylbutan (11) hydrodimerisiert. 3 läßt sich kaum noch reduzieren. Die anodische Oxidation von 1 führt in Methylenchlorid/Methanol zu 61-73% 2-Chlor-1,1,3-triphenylinden (13), dessen Bildung vermutlich Chlor bewirkt, das elektrochemisch aus Methylenchlorid erzeugt wird. In Methanol/Dioxan entsteht kein 13, sondern 71% des Indanons 16. Die Oxidation von 2 und 3 verläuft unselektiv; durch Folgeoxidationen bilden sich zahlreiche Produkte in niedriger Ausbeute.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1151-1158 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic Olefins by Anodic Oxidation of β-(Trimethylsilyl)carboxylic Acids.  -  β-(Trimethylsilyl)acrylic Acid Derivatives as Acetylene equivalents in Diels-Alder ReactionsTrimethylsilyl-substituted dienophiles 1, 2 and 4 react with dienes 6-14 in 66-100% yields to give β-trimethylsilyl-substituted carboxylic acids 15-25, some of which are hydrogenated to 26-31. These are decarboxylated-desilylated to cyclic olefins 35-47 by Non-Kolbe electrolysis in 45-91% yields. The dienophiles 1, 2, and 4 are thus suitable acetylene equivalents for Diels-Alder reactions.
    Notes: Die Trimethylsilyl-substituierten Dienophile 1, 2 und 4 werden mit den Dienen 6-14 mit 66-100% Ausbeute zu β-Trimethylsilyl-substituierten Carbonsäuren 15-25 umgesetzt, von denen einige zu 26-31 hydriert werden. Diese lassen sich durch Nicht-Kolbe-Elektrolyse mit 45-91% Ausbeute zu cyclischen Olefinen 35 47 decarboxylieren-desilylieren. Die Dienophile 1, 2 und 4 sind damit günstige Acetylen-äquivalente für Diels-Alder-Reaktionen.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 110 (1977), S. 3544-3552 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of (Z)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate (Looplure) by Kolbe ElectrolysisButyrolactone yields with HBr and triphenylphosphine 3-carboxypropyl(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide (3). 3 forms with pentanal in a stereoselective Wittig reaction (Z)-4-nonenoic acid (4). 4 is coupled in a mixed Kolbe electrolysis with monomethyl glutarate (5a) to methyl (Z)-7-dodecenoate (7a). 7a is converted by LiAlH4-reduction and acetylation to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (10) (looplure), the pheromone of Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper). The 7a-yields in the mixed Kolbe electrolysis are influenced by the current density, the degree of neutralization, and especially the 4/5a-ratio.
    Notes: Aus Butyrolacton gewinnt man mit HBr und Triphenylphosphin 3-Carboxypropyl(triphenyl)-phosphonium-bromid (3), das mit Valeraldehyd in einer stereoselektiven Wittig-Reaktion (Z)-4-Nonensäure (4) liefert. 4 wird in einer gemischten Kolbe-Elektrolyse mit Glutarsäure-monomethylester (5a) zum (Z)-7-Dodecensäure-methylester (7a) gekuppelt. 7a ergibt durch LiAlH4-Reduktion und Acetylierung (Z)-7-Dodecenylacetat (10) (Looplure), das Pheromon von Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage looper). Die 7a-Ausbeute in der gemischten Kolbe-Elektrolyse wird durch die Stromdichte, den Neutralisationsgrad und besonders durch das 4/5a-Verhältnis beeinflußt.
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