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  • 1
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    Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Bile acids regulate the transcription of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis through molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Physiological concentrations of free and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), an orphan nuclear receptor. As ligands, these bile acids and their conjugates modulated interaction of FXR with a peptide derived from steroid receptor coactivator 1. These results provide evidence for a nuclear bile acid signaling pathway that may regulate cholesterol homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parks, D J -- Blanchard, S G -- Bledsoe, R K -- Chandra, G -- Consler, T G -- Kliewer, S A -- Stimmel, J B -- Willson, T M -- Zavacki, A M -- Moore, D D -- Lehmann, J M -- F32 DK09793/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK53366/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1365-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park NC, 27709, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Deoxycholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lithocholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; *Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Symporters ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: B cell homeostasis has been shown to critically depend on BAFF, the B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Although BAFF is already known to bind two receptors, BCMA and TACI, we have identified a third receptor for BAFF that we have termed BAFF-R. BAFF-R binding appears to be highly specific for BAFF, suggesting a unique role for this ligand-receptor interaction. Consistent with this, the BAFF-R locus is disrupted in A/WySnJ mice, which display a B cell phenotype qualitatively similar to that of the BAFF-deficient mice. Thus, BAFF-R appears to be the principal receptor for BAFF-mediated mature B cell survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J S -- Bixler, S A -- Qian, F -- Vora, K -- Scott, M L -- Cachero, T G -- Hession, C -- Schneider, P -- Sizing, I D -- Mullen, C -- Strauch, K -- Zafari, M -- Benjamin, C D -- Tschopp, J -- Browning, J L -- Ambrose, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2108-11. Epub 2001 Aug 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogen, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA., The Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Cell Activating Factor ; B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor ; B-Cell Maturation Antigen ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Cloning, Molecular ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Impaired immunoproteasome assembly and immune responses in PA28-/- mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: In vitro PA28 binds and activates proteasomes. It is shown here that mice with a disrupted PA28b gene lack PA28a and PA28b polypeptides, demonstrating that PA28 functions as a hetero-oligomer in vivo. Processing of antigenic epitopes derived from exogenous or endogenous antigens is altered in PA28-/- mice. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are impaired, and assembly of immunoproteasomes is greatly inhibited in mice lacking PA28. These results show that PA28 is necessary for immunoproteasome assembly and is required for efficient antigen processing, thus demonstrating the importance of PA28-mediated proteasome function in immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Preckel, T -- Fung-Leung, W P -- Cai, Z -- Vitiello, A -- Salter-Cid, L -- Winqvist, O -- Wolfe, T G -- Von Herrath, M -- Angulo, A -- Ghazal, P -- Lee, J D -- Fourie, A M -- Wu, Y -- Pang, J -- Ngo, K -- Peterson, P A -- Fruh, K -- Yang, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2162-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; Autoantigens ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activators/*metabolism ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Female ; H-Y Antigen/immunology ; Herpesviridae Infections/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology/metabolism ; Interferons/pharmacology ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Muromegalovirus/immunology ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    An essential role for BAFF in the normal development of B cells through a BCMA-independent pathway (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: The B cell activating factor BAFF (BlyS/TALL-1/zTNF4) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related ligand that promotes B cell survival and binds to three receptors (BCMA, TACI, and the recently described BAFF-R). Here we report an absolute requirement for BAFF in normal B cell development. Examination of secondary lymphoid organs from BAFF-deficient mice revealed an almost complete loss of follicular and marginal zone B lymphocytes. In contrast, mice lacking BCMA had normal-appearing B lymphocyte compartments. BAFF therefore plays a crucial role in B cell development and can function through receptors other than BCMA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiemann, B -- Gommerman, J L -- Vora, K -- Cachero, T G -- Shulga-Morskaya, S -- Dobles, M -- Frew, E -- Scott, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2111-4. Epub 2001 Aug 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogen, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509691" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; B-Cell Activating Factor ; B-Cell Maturation Antigen ; B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology/physiology ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*physiology ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Cell Separation ; Cell Survival ; Flow Cytometry ; Immunoglobulins/blood ; Leukopoiesis ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/immunology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology/immunology ; Membrane Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Mice, Knockout ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Role of apoptosis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hotchkiss, R S -- Dunne, W M -- Swanson, P E -- Davis, C G -- Tinsley, K W -- Chang, K C -- Buchman, T G -- Karl, I E -- GM44118/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM55194/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1783.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. hotch@morpheus.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD95/genetics/metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; Bronchi/enzymology/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; Caspase 3 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; DNA, Single-Stranded/analysis ; Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Epithelial Cells/enzymology/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; False Positive Reactions ; Gene Deletion ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lymphocytes/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/enzymology/metabolism/*pathology ; Pseudomonas Infections/enzymology/metabolism/*pathology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sepsis/enzymology/metabolism/pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    A single p450 allele associated with insecticide resistance in Drosophila (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: Insecticide resistance is one of the most widespread genetic changes caused by human activity, but we still understand little about the origins and spread of resistant alleles in global populations of insects. Here, via microarray analysis of all P450s in Drosophila melanogaster, we show that DDT-R, a gene conferring resistance to DDT, is associated with overtranscription of a single cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp6g1. Transgenic analysis of Cyp6g1 shows that overtranscription of this gene alone is both necessary and sufficient for resistance. Resistance and up-regulation in Drosophila populations are associated with a single Cyp6g1 allele that has spread globally. This allele is characterized by the insertion of an Accord transposable element into the 5' end of the Cyp6g1 gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daborn, P J -- Yen, J L -- Bogwitz, M R -- Le Goff, G -- Feil, E -- Jeffers, S -- Tijet, N -- Perry, T -- Heckel, D -- Batterham, P -- Feyereisen, R -- Wilson, T G -- ffrench-Constant, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2253-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/*genetics/metabolism ; *Ddt ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; *Genes, Insect ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; *Insecticides/metabolism ; Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phylogeny ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Substrate Specificity ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-22
    Description: West Nile (WN) virus, a mosquito-transmitted virus native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, was isolated from two species of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans, and from brain tissues of 28 American crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, and one Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii, in Connecticut. A portion of the genome of virus isolates from four different hosts was sequenced and analyzed by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Our isolates from Connecticut were similar to one another and most closely related to two WN isolates from Romania (2.8 and 3.6 percent difference). If established in North America, WN virus will likely have severe effects on human health and on the health of populations of birds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, J F -- Andreadis, T G -- Vossbrinck, C R -- Tirrell, S -- Wakem, E M -- French, R A -- Garmendia, A E -- Van Kruiningen, H J -- P01-AI-30548/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2331-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Department of Soil and Water, the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Post Office Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504, USA. john.f.anderson@po.state.ct.us〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*virology ; Brain/*virology ; Connecticut/epidemiology ; Culex/virology ; Culicidae/*virology ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Raptors/virology ; Romania ; Songbirds/virology ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; West Nile virus/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 8
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    Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: A paramyxovirus virus termed Nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was first noted in late September 1998 and by mid-June 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in Singapore. Electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic studies indicate that this virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is most closely related to the recently discovered Hendra virus. We suggest that these two viruses are representative of a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Like Hendra virus, Nipah virus is unusual among the paramyxoviruses in its ability to infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chua, K B -- Bellini, W J -- Rota, P A -- Harcourt, B H -- Tamin, A -- Lam, S K -- Ksiazek, T G -- Rollin, P E -- Zaki, S R -- Shieh, W -- Goldsmith, C S -- Gubler, D J -- Roehrig, J T -- Eaton, B -- Gould, A R -- Olson, J -- Field, H -- Daniels, P -- Ling, A E -- Peters, C J -- Anderson, L J -- Mahy, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1432-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya Medical Center, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology/*virology ; Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/virology ; Genes, Viral ; Giant Cells/pathology/virology ; Humans ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleocapsid/ultrastructure ; Paramyxoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary/*virology ; *Paramyxovirinae/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/ultrastructure ; Phylogeny ; Respiratory System/virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/virology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Singapore/epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; Vasculitis/virology ; Viral Proteins/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic and free-living spirochetes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: Spirochetes from termite hindguts and freshwater sediments possessed homologs of a nitrogenase gene (nifH) and exhibited nitrogenase activity, a previously unrecognized metabolic capability in spirochetes. Fixation of 15-dinitrogen was demonstrated with termite gut Treponema ZAS-9 and free-living Spirochaeta aurantia. Homologs of nifH were also present in human oral and bovine ruminal treponemes. Results implicate spirochetes in the nitrogen nutrition of termites, whose food is typically low in nitrogen, and in global nitrogen cycling. These results also proffer spirochetes as a likely origin of certain nifHs observed in termite guts and other environments that were not previously attributable to known microbes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lilburn, T G -- Kim, K S -- Ostrom, N E -- Byzek, K R -- Leadbetter, J R -- Breznak, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2495-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ribosomal Database Project, Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylene/metabolism ; Animals ; Cattle ; Culture Media ; Digestive System/microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Humans ; Hydrogen/pharmacology ; Isoptera/*microbiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation/*genetics ; Nitrogenase/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Oxygen/pharmacology ; Spirochaeta/classification/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Spirochaetaceae/genetics/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Treponema/classification/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Complex species interactions and the dynamics of ecological systems: long-term experiments (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: Studies that combine experimental manipulations with long-term data collection reveal elaborate interactions among species that affect the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Research programs in U.S. desert shrubland and pinyon-juniper woodland have shown that (i) complex dynamics of species populations reflect interactions with other organisms and fluctuating climate; (ii) genotype x environment interactions affect responses of species to environmental change; (iii) herbivore-resistance traits of dominant plant species and impacts of "keystone" animal species cascade through the system to affect many organisms and ecosystem processes; and (iv) some environmental perturbations can cause wholesale reorganization of ecosystems because they exceed the ecological tolerances of dominant or keystone species, whereas other changes may be buffered because of the compensatory dynamics of complementary species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, J H -- Whitham, T G -- Morgan Ernest, S K -- Gehring, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):643-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. jhbrown@unm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genotype ; *Gymnosperms ; Moths/physiology ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; *Rodentia/physiology ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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