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  • 1
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    Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: The generation of cell-mediated immunity against many infectious pathogens involves the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key signal of the innate immune system. Yet, for many pathogens, the molecules that induce IL-12 production by macrophages and the mechanisms by which they do so remain undefined. Here it is shown that microbial lipoproteins are potent stimulators of IL-12 production by human macrophages, and that induction is mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Several lipoproteins stimulated TLR-dependent transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide, a powerful microbicidal pathway. Activation of TLRs by microbial lipoproteins may initiate innate defense mechanisms against infectious pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brightbill, H D -- Libraty, D H -- Krutzik, S R -- Yang, R B -- Belisle, J T -- Bleharski, J R -- Maitland, M -- Norgard, M V -- Plevy, S E -- Smale, S T -- Brennan, P J -- Bloom, B R -- Godowski, P J -- Modlin, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):732-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Anges, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10426995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Interleukin-12/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Lipoproteins/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Macrophages/*immunology/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Monocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*immunology ; NF-kappa B/biosynthesis ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-27
    Description: The mammalian innate immune system retains from Drosophila a family of homologous Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that mediate responses to microbial ligands. Here, we show that TLR2 activation leads to killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both mouse and human macrophages, through distinct mechanisms. In mouse macrophages, bacterial lipoprotein activation of TLR2 leads to a nitric oxide-dependent killing of intracellular tubercle bacilli, but in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages, this pathway was nitric oxide-independent. Thus, mammalian TLRs respond (as Drosophila Toll receptors do) to microbial ligands and also have the ability to activate antimicrobial effector pathways at the site of infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thoma-Uszynski, S -- Stenger, S -- Takeuchi, O -- Ochoa, M T -- Engele, M -- Sieling, P A -- Barnes, P F -- Rollinghoff, M -- Bolcskei, P L -- Wagner, M -- Akira, S -- Norgard, M V -- Belisle, J T -- Godowski, P J -- Bloom, B R -- Modlin, R L -- AI 07118/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 22553/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 47868/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR 40312/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1544-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Dermatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11222859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/immunology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/immunology/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Lipoproteins/*immunology ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Monocytes/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development/*immunology ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Immunology. Chip shots--will functional genomics get functional? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Modlin, R L -- Bloom, B R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):799-801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Dermatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. rmodlin@mednet.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Candida albicans/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/immunology ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genomics ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Influenza A virus/immunology ; Ligands ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Mannans/immunology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-21
    Description: Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death in the world from a single infectious disease, although there is little knowledge of the mechanisms of its pathogenesis and protection from it. After a century of decline in the United States, tuberculosis is increasing, and strains resistant to multiple antibiotics have emerged. This excess of cases is attributable to changes in the social structure in cities, the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, and a failure in certain major cities to improve public treatment programs. The economic costs of not adequately addressing the problem of tuberculosis in this country are estimated from an epidemiological model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloom, B R -- Murray, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 21;257(5073):1055-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1509256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications ; Animals ; Antibiotics, Antitubercular/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; History, 17th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects ; Tuberculosis/complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology/transmission ; United States/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Use of genetic profiling in leprosy to discriminate clinical forms of the disease (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-13
    Description: Leprosy presents as a clinical and immunological spectrum of disease. With the use of gene expression profiling, we observed that a distinction in gene expression correlates with and accurately classifies the clinical form of the disease. Genes belonging to the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family were significantly up-regulated in lesions of lepromatous patients suffering from the disseminated form of the infection. In functional studies, LIR-7 suppressed innate host defense mechanisms by shifting monocyte production from interleukin-12 toward interleukin-10 and by blocking antimicrobial activity triggered by Toll-like receptors. Gene expression profiles may be useful in defining clinical forms of disease and providing insights into the regulation of immune responses to pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bleharski, Joshua R -- Li, Huiying -- Meinken, Christoph -- Graeber, Thomas G -- Ochoa, Maria-Teresa -- Yamamura, Masahiro -- Burdick, Anne -- Sarno, Euzenir N -- Wagner, Manfred -- Rollinghoff, Martin -- Rea, Thomas H -- Colonna, Marco -- Stenger, Steffen -- Bloom, Barry R -- Eisenberg, David -- Modlin, Robert L -- AI 07118/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 22553/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 47868/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR 40312/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Cluster Analysis ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Cytokines/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate ; Leprosy, Lepromatous/*classification/*genetics/immunology/physiopathology ; Leprosy, Tuberculoid/*classification/*genetics/immunology/physiopathology ; Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development/immunology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Principal Component Analysis ; Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology ; Receptors, Immunologic/genetics/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: In innate immune responses, activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers direct antimicrobial activity against intracellular bacteria, which in murine, but not human, monocytes and macrophages is mediated principally by nitric oxide. We report here that TLR activation of human macrophages up-regulated expression of the vitamin D receptor and the vitamin D-1-hydroxylase genes, leading to induction of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also observed that sera from African-American individuals, known to have increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, had low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and were inefficient in supporting cathelicidin messenger RNA induction. These data support a link between TLRs and vitamin D-mediated innate immunity and suggest that differences in ability of human populations to produce vitamin D may contribute to susceptibility to microbial infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Philip T -- Stenger, Steffen -- Li, Huiying -- Wenzel, Linda -- Tan, Belinda H -- Krutzik, Stephan R -- Ochoa, Maria Teresa -- Schauber, Jurgen -- Wu, Kent -- Meinken, Christoph -- Kamen, Diane L -- Wagner, Manfred -- Bals, Robert -- Steinmeyer, Andreas -- Zugel, Ulrich -- Gallo, Richard L -- Eisenberg, David -- Hewison, Martin -- Hollis, Bruce W -- Adams, John S -- Bloom, Barry R -- Modlin, Robert L -- AI052453/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI22553/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI47868/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI48176/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR45676/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR50626/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HD043921/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- K22 AI085025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00425/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1770-3. Epub 2006 Feb 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics ; African Americans ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/biosynthesis/*genetics/metabolism ; Calcitriol/blood/*metabolism ; Cathelicidins ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Dendritic Cells/microbiology/physiology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Macrophages/immunology/microbiology/*physiology ; Monocytes/microbiology/*physiology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*growth & development ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics ; Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics ; Toll-Like Receptors/*physiology ; Tuberculosis/etiology/immunology ; Up-Regulation ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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