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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (27)
  • Chondrocytes  (2)
  • 11.10.St  (1)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With the possible exception of the lowest one or two scale heights, the dominant mode of circulation of Venus' atmosphere is a rapid, zonal, retrograde motion. Global albedo variations in the ultraviolet may reflect planetary scale waves propagating relative to the zonal winds. Other special phenomena such as cellular convection in the subsolar region and internal gravity waves generated in the interaction of the zonal circulation with the subsolar disturbance may also be revealed in ultraviolet imagery of the atmosphere. We discuss the contributions of experiments on the Orbiter and Entry Probes of Pioneer Venus toward unravelling the mystery of the planet's global circulation and the role played by waves, instabilities and convection therein
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Range-Doppler radar observations were made of the planet Mercury over the six year period 1978-1983. Approximately 30 continuous altitude profiles were obtained, each spanning between 20 and 90 degrees of longitude. The profiles are located in the equatorial zone of Mercury between 5 deg S and 12 deg N latitude. Approximately 40% of the total coverage is in the unimaged hemisphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. and Geophys. Program, 1984; p 448-449
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radio tracking data from the Viking lander have been used to determine the lander position and the orientation of the spin axis of Mars. The areocentric coordinates of the lander are 22.27 deg N, 48.00 deg W, and 3389.5 kilometers from the center of mass; the spin axis orientation, referred to earth's mean equator and equinox of 1950.0, is 317.35 deg right ascension and 52.71 deg declination.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: The objectives of the analysis of the Viking radio tracking data are: (1) the study of Mars, its rotation, topography, and internal structure; (2) the development of a general dynamical model of the solar system; and (3) tests of the fundamental laws of gravitation. The central element in the data analysis is the Planetary Ephemeris Program (PEP) which embodies the mathematical models of the solar system. The asteroid model in PEP is changed to better estimate the mass of a fictitious uniform ring and the masses of eight separate asteroids. A model of the rotation of Mars include a secular rate of change of the period and both annual and semiannual variations in the phase of rotation. Other modifications to this model are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. and Geophys. Program, 1984; p 149-151
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The present results of 13 cm wavelength radar observations of the asteroid 1685 Toro, conducted at the Arecibo Observatory in July 1980, yield radar spectra which reveal correlated and approximately twofold variations in radar cross section and spectral bandwidth as functions of rotational phase, with two maxima and two minima per rotation cycle. In combination with the photopolarimetric results of Dunlap et al. (1973), the observations presently reported offer constraints on Toro's size, shape, and surface properties. Modeling Toro as a homogeneously scattering ellipsoid yields weighed least squares estimates for the lengths of the equatorial semiaxes and a nearly Lambertian scattering law.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; April 19
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The differential equations for the Euler angles that define the moon's orientation with respect to an inertial coordinate frame have been integrated numerically. This numerical model of the moon's rotation, when used in conjunction with current lunar-orbit and earth-rotation models, fits lunar laser ranging observations over a five-year period within 28 cm (rms). The present model is also compared with the numerical model of Williams (1975) and Eckhardt's (1981) semianalytical model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 24; May 1981
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Euler's equations of motion, modified to include elasticity and solid friction, were used to study the rotation of the moon. Two heuristic models for the anelasticity were considered: Q independent of frequency and Q inversely proportional to the frequency and Q inversely proportional to the frequency of the strain oscillation. Parameters in each model were estimated by weighted least squares from 9 years of lunar laser range observations. The root mean square of the postfit range residuals was 19 cm in each case. For a strain period of 1 month, the estimates of Q obtained with the two models were similar and surprisingly low: 23 + or - 6. The range of uncertaintly, + or - 6, represents our estimate of the true standard deviation of the estimate of Q, as affected by systematic errors; it is 3 times larger than the formal, statistical, standard error.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Aug. 10
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Doppler data from the radio tracking of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) have been used in a two-stage analysis to develop a high-resolution map of the gravitational potential of Venus, represented by a central mass and a surface mass density. The two-stage procedure invokes a Kalman filter-smoother to determine the orbit of the spacecraft, and a stabilized linear inverter to estimate the surface mass density. The resultant gravity map is highly correlated with the topographic map derived from the PVO radar altimeter data. However, the magnitudes of the gravity variations are smaller than would be expected if the topography were uncompensated, indicating that at least partial compensation has taken place.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Aug. 10
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radar observations of asteroid 1 Ceres were made at a 12.6-cm wavelength from the Arecibo Observatory in March/April 1977. The measurements, made with a received circular polarization orthogonal to that transmitted, yield a radar cross section of (0.04 + or- 0.01) piR-squared, for R = 510 km. The corresponding radar reflectivity is less than that measured for any other celestial body. Within the accuracy of measurement, no significant variation of cross section with rotational phase is apparent. The shape of the power spectrum suggests that Ceres is rougher at the scale of the observing wavelength than the moon and inner planets, but smoother than the outer three Galilean satellites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 40; Dec. 197
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