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  • 1
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    A generalized complementary principle with physical constraints for land-surface evaporation (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: The idea of complementary evaporative fluxes, first advanced by Bouchet in 1963 is reformulated as a general polynomial, satisfying boundary conditions based on strictly physical considerations. Experimental evidence supports the validity of the imposed constraints. Earlier complementary relationships are shown to be special cases which satisfy only one of the necessary conditions. The new formulation provides a more rigorous base for the complementary principle. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Daily evaporation from drying soil: Universal parameterization with similarity (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-28
    Description: With supporting experimental evidence from three separate field studies of daily mean evaporation from bare soil with vastly different physical characteristics, it is shown that the process can be described as isothermal linear diffusion in a finite depth domain. The resulting solution leads directly to similarity variables and thus a universal parameterization, which should in principle be applicable to most field soils. In addition, a closed form expression is presented to estimate the weighted mean diffusivity for exponential type soil water diffusivities. In this solution the widely used square root of inverse time proportionality of this phenomenon is its short time version, whereas the exponential decay proportionality, proposed however by several authors for vegetated surfaces, is its long time version. It appears that in many situations the soil layer contributing to evaporation is fairly shallow and only a few tens of centimeters thick.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 3
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    The daily mean zero-flux plane during soil-controlled evaporation: A Green's function approach (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-14
    Description: A solution is presented of the linearized Richards equation with inclusion of gravity and with appropriate boundary conditions describing the combined soil-controlled surface evaporation and the downward infiltration, following the application of a given amount of precipitation or irrigation. This solution is shown to agree with available field measurements, namely the evolution with time of the zero-flux plane depth and of the rate of soil-controlled evaporation from the bare soil surface. The problem is solved by means of the Green's function method; the result is general enough to be also applicable to flow problems in linear soils with boundary conditions substantially different from the ones considered herein.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Regional evaporation estimates in the eastern monsoon region of China: Assessment of a nonlinear formulation of the complementary principle (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-19
    Description: The performance of a nonlinear formulation of the complementary principle for evaporation estimation was investigated in 241 catchments with different climate conditions in the eastern monsoon region of China. Evaporation ( Ea ) calculated by the water balance equation was used as the reference. Ea estimated by the calibrated nonlinear formulation was generally in good agreement with the water balance results, especially in relatively dry catchments. The single parameter in the nonlinear formulation, namely α e as a weak analog of the alpha parameter of Priestley and Taylor [1972], tended to exhibit larger values in warmer and humid near-coastal areas, but smaller values in colder, drier environments inland, with a significant dependency on the aridity index ( AI ). The nonlinear formulation combined with the equation relating the one parameter and AI provides a promising method to estimate regional Ea with standard and routinely measured meteorological data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 5
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    Nonlinear advection-aridity method for landscape evaporation and its application during the growing season in the southern Loess Plateau of the Yellow River basin (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-23
    Description: The advection-aridity approach to estimate actual evaporation from natural land surfaces is one of the better known implementations of Bouchet's complementary principle. Detailed measurements at 2 m, 12 m and 32 m above the ground surface during the growing seasons of 2004 through 2007 allowed validation of a generalized nonlinear form of this approach above the highly variable terrain in Changwu County in the southern Loess Plateau of the Yellow River basin in China. The obtained values of the parameters were found to lie well within the ranges to be expected on physical grounds or from previous measurements by different experimental means; calibration on the basis of any one year of data allowed predictions within roughly 5% on average. Relative to the corresponding observed turbulent vapor fluxes, the evaporation rates calculated with measurements at the highest level of 32 m displayed the least scatter but only slightly less than those calculated with measurements at the lower level of 12 m; however, those based on measurements at the lowest level of 2 m displayed considerably more scatter than those derived at the two higher levels. This is consistent with the existence of a blending height at higher elevations above the ground, where the effects of surface variability tend to fade away. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 6
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    Use of pan evaporation to estimate terrestrial evaporation trends. the case of the Tibetan Plateau (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-18
    Description: There is still no general agreement on the relationship between the evaporation of open water from a small pan and the terrestrial evaporation from the surrounding landscape under drying conditions. A possible way out of this impasse is reviewed and applied to the harsh and extreme climatic conditions of the Tibetan Plateau. It is confirmed herein that during 1966-2000 with a pan evaporation trend of −4.57 mm a −2 , the terrestrial evaporation trend was +0.7 mm a −2 , in agreement with the experimental findings of Zhang et al. [2007].
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 7
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    The determination of permafrost thawing trends from long-term streamflow measurements with an application in eastern Siberia (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-11-29
    Description: Permafrost has been reported to be degrading at increasing rates over wide areas in northern regions of Eurasia and North America; the evidence has come mainly from in situ observations in the soil profile, which have limited spatial and invariably limited temporal coverage. Herein three methods are proposed to relate low river flows (or base flows) during the open water season with the rate of change of the active groundwater layer thickness resulting from permafrost thawing at the scale of the upstream river basin. As an example, the methods are tested with data from four gaging stations within the Lena River basin in eastern Siberia, one in the Upper Lena basin, and three in two of its tributaries, namely the Olyokma and the Aldan basins. The different results are mutually consistent and suggest that over the 1950–2008 period the active layer thickness has been increasing at average rates roughly of the order of 0.3 to 1 cm a−1 in the areas with discontinuous permafrost and at average rates about half as large in colder more eastern areas with continuous permafrost. These rates have not been steady but have been increasing; thus it appears that in the earlier years over the period 1950–1970, some large regions have not been undergoing active layer thickness increases and perhaps even decreases, whereas from the 1990s onward vast areas have experienced larger average layer thickness increases, especially those with continuous permafrost.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Estimation of land surface evaporation using a generalized nonlinear complementary relationship (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-20
    Description: Evaporation is a key component of the hydrological cycle and affects regional water resources. Although the physics of evaporation is well understood, its estimation in practice remains a challenge. Among available methods for estimating it, the complementary principle of Bouchet has the potential to provide a practical tool for regional water resources assessment. In this study, the generalized nonlinear formulation of this principle by Brutsaert [2015] was tested against evaporation measurements from four flux stations in Australia under different climatic and vegetation conditions. The method was implemented using meteorological data and Class A pan evaporation measurements. After calibration the estimated daily evaporation values were in good agreement with flux station measurements with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.83 and a bias of 4% on average. More accurate estimates of daily evaporation were obtained when the evaporative demand or apparent potential evaporation was determined from the Penman equation instead of from pan evaporation. The obtained parameter values were found to lie well within the ranges of reported values in the literature. Advantages of the method are that only routine meteorological data are required and that it can be used to estimate long-term evaporation trends.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Are the North American deserts expanding? Some climate signals from groundwater storage conditions (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-20
    Print ISSN: 1936-0584
    Electronic ISSN: 1936-0592
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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