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  • Articles  (305)
  • wheat  (109)
  • nitrogen  (108)
  • Wheat  (89)
  • Springer  (305)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genomic mapping of defense response genes in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 226-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Molecular mapping ; Wheat ; Resistance ; Defense response genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Defense response (DR) genes are a broad class involved in plant defense. In this study we mapped 36 probes representing seven classes of defense response genes. This collection of probes represents genes involved in the hypersensitive response (HR), pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, genes for the flavonoid metabolic pathway, genes encoding proline/glycine-rich proteins, ion channel regulators, lipoxygenase, lectin, and others. Using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’, we were able to assign at least 167 loci to the 21 chromosomes of wheat. Homoeologous group 7 chromosomes possessed the most DR loci followed by group 2. Sixty-two loci were placed on existing genetic linkage maps of wheat. Map locations indicated that the DR gene loci are not randomly distributed throughout the wheat genome, but rather are located in clusters and/or in distal gene-rich regions of the chromosomes. Knowledge of the chromosomal locations and genome organization of DR genes will be useful for candidate gene analysis of quantitative trait loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051062
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model to predict transformations and losses of nitrogen in UK pastures grazed by beef cattle (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; denitrification ; grazing ; model ; nitrate leaching ; nitrogen ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The model simulates the cycling of N in grassland systems grazed by beef cattle and predicts the annual amount of N in liveweight gain, and the amounts lost through ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching, on the basis of fertilizer application and soil and site characteristics. It aims to provide a better understanding of the way in which these various factors interact in their influence on N transformations. The model has been programmed to run on IBM-compatible personal computers and responds rapidly to changes in input parameters. The model has been constructed from the average annual amounts of N passing through various components of the N cycle in ten field systems grazed by beef cattle. The amounts were either measured directly or were calculated from empirical sub-models, assuming a balance between inputs to, and outputs from the soil inorganic N pool. The model is given wide applicability through the inclusion of a mineralization sub-model which is sensitive to soil texture, sward age, previous cropping history, and climatic zone. Another important sub-model determines the partitioning of soil inorganic N to either plant uptake or the processes of loss: the proportion partitioned to plant uptake decreases as the total amount of soil inorganic N increases. Outputs from the model indicate that fertilizer N has a strong influence on ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching at a given site but that, over a range of sites with a given rate of fertilizer N, total loss and the proportions lost by the three processes are greatly influenced by the amount of N mineralized by the soil. The model indicates how fertilizer N should be matched with mineralization to limit gaseous and leaching losses and to achieve optimum efficiency of N use in grazing systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010397
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary results from a microscopic examination on the effects of aluminium on the root tips of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; electron microscope ; light microscope ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root tips from aluminium (Al) tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat (Triticum aestivum (L). Thell.) cultivars exposed to low concentrations of Al (10 μM) for 10, 24 and 72 hours were examined under the light and electron microscope. After fixing and embedding, longitudinal and transverse thin and ultrathin sections were cut. There was no evidence of Al damage to the root tips of the Al tolerant cultivar under both the light and electron microscope. For the Al sensitive cultivar, Al had no observable effect on the root tips 10 hours after Al addition when examined under the light microscope. When examined under an electron microscope, electron dense globular deposits were observed between the cell wall and cell membrane of the epidermal cells. There was not obvious damage to the cell cytoplasm. Two or 3 days after Al addition, light microscopy showed that the cells in the root tips had become swollen and extensively vacuolated. The tissues appeared disorganised and degenerate, particularly in the epidermis and outer cortical cells. The electron microscope also revealed a thickening of the cell wall. The cell wall was broken down, particularly in the epidermis in the region 4–6 mm from the root tip. The tissue in the meristematic area was largely intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011999
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of Septic Effluent for Fecal Coliform and Nitrogen in Coarse-textured Soils: Use of Soil-only and Sand Filter Systems (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: on-site treatment ; fecal coliform bacteria ; nitrate leaching ; nitrogen ; on-site treatment ; septic effluent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater effluent sample collectors(zero-tension lysimeters) were installed directlybelow the drainfields of three residential onsitetreatment systems in the Clover/Chambers Creek aquiferregion of Pierce County near Tacoma, WA. The use of asplit effluent delivery system from the septic tank,where half the effluent was delivered under pressureto a normal native soil-only filter system and halfwas delivered to a sand filter system, allowed thedirect comparison of the two commonly-utilized septicsystems for treatment levels. Septic tank effluent(from the septic tank) and percolating water (between0.3 and 0.9 m beneath the effluent distributionlines) was collected between May 1991 and April 1994on 30 occasions. Samples were analyzed for fecalcoliform bacteria, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium andtotal reduced (Kjeldahl) nitrogen. Results of thisstudy indicate that the use of sand filters greatlyincreased removal of fecal coliform bacteria and totalnitrogen. Soil-only filter systems had an average of91% removal of fecal coliforms and 47%of total N; whereas sand filter systems had an averageof 99.8% removal of fecal coliforms and 80% of total N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005298932244
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An assessment of soil tests for phosphate for the prediction of cereal yields on a sandy soil in Western Australia (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 137-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine soil tests for phosphate were evaluated for predicting the yield and P content of wheat, barley and oats grown on a sandy soil in Western Australia: Olsen, modified Olsen 1 (soil:solution ratio 1:5), modified Olsen 2 (soil:solution ratio 1:50), Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, modified Bray 2T (shaking time 10 minutes), modified Bray 2C (pH 3.7) and lactate. The soil had been fertilized 5 years previously with 20 levels each of superphosphate (OSP, range 0 to 400 kg P ha−1) and Queensland rock phosphate (QRP, range 0 to 20 000 kg P ha−1). For each species and fertilizer taken separately, all the tests, except for lactate, gave a good prediction of yield. When data for OSP and QRP were pooled, Bray 2 and modified Bray 2T tests were unsatisfactory predictors of both yield and P content. A linear relationship (P 〈 0.05) between mean soil tests value (χ) and the standard deviation (σ χ ) of the test value was observed for each soil test. For QRP, the results for lactate were the most variable (i.e.σχ/χ was greatest) followed by modified Olsen 2 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Colwell. The order for OSP fertilized soil was Bray 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 Colwell 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 lactate 〉 modified Olsen 2. For combined OSP and QRP data, the results of the Olsen 1 and Colwell extractions were the least variable. Errors in the prediction of yield (σ Y ) for all crops resulting from an error in soil test values (σχ) were calculated. For OSP-fertilized soil variability in values for the Bray-1 test provided the highest error (about 16%) in the prediction of the yield, followed by Bray 2 (12%) 〉 Bray 2T (10%) 〉 Olsen (8%) 〉 Colwell (7%) 〉 modified Bray 2C (6%) 〉 lactate (4%). Maximum error was at yields of about 65% of maximum yield. For soil fertilized with QRP, lactate provided the highest error (about 10%) in the prediction of yield, followed by the other tests (〈 6%). Maximum error was at yields of about 35% of maximum yield. The Colwell soil test gave the most accurate overall prediction of yield for both fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049770
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early post-pollination events in hexaploid wheat × maize crosses (1990)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 3 (1990), S. 70-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Wheat ; Maize ; Hybridization ; Fertilization ; Karyogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytological events in the first 12 h after pollination were studied in crosses between the hexaploid wheat genotype Chinese Spring and the maize genotype Seneca 60. A pollen tube was first observed in the embryo sac 4 h after pollination, and maize sperm nuclei were first observed in the embryo sac after 5 h. On 29 occasions two, and on 1 occasion three, pollen tubes penetrated the embryo sac. Four categories of aberration limiting the frequency of fertilization were identified: (1) in 20% of florets no pollen tube reached the embryo sac; (2) in at least 1.9% the pollen tube severely damaged the wheat egg cell and polar nuclei; (3) in 33% the maize sperm nuclei were not released from the pollen tube; and (4) in 16% the sperm nuclei were released into the embryo sac but failed to move to either of the wheat gametes. In the remaining 29% sperm nuclei were more often found in the egg cell than at the polar nuclei. The results suggest that karyogamy occurs with very high efficiency when a sperm nucleus reaches the egg cell, but with only about 50% efficiency when a sperm nucleus reaches the polar nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189954
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring nitrogen pollution from sugarcane runoff using15N analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production area. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in15N/14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N ratios. FertilizerN draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L−1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ 15N value was +18.6±7.1‰ and the NO 3 − -δ 15N mean was +8.3±3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 − -δ 15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047046
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA restriction-fragment variation in the gene family encoding high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 579-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; seed protein genes ; restriction-fragment length polymorphism, prolamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction enzyme digests of DNA from nullisomic-tetrasomic and intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of wheat were probed with a high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin cDNA. Three restriction endonucleases were used to investigate restriction-fragment differences among five wheat varieties. The results suggest that the hybridizing fragments contain single gene copies and permit the identification of the subunit encoded by each gene. Restriction-fragment variation associated with previously established allelic differences between varieties was observed. Also, there is a clear relationship between the electrophoretic mobility of a HMW subunit and the length of the central repetitive section of the gene encoding it. These results are discussed with reference to the evolution of the HMW glutenin gene family and the uses of restriction-fragment variation in plant breeding and genetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504336
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the crossability loci Kr1 and Kr2 on fertilization frequency in hexaploid wheat x maize crosses (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Maize ; Crossability genes ; Chromosome elimination ; Haploids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dominant alleles of the Kr1 and Kr2 genes reduce the crossability of hexaploid wheat with many alien species, including rye and Hordeum bulbosum, with Kr1 having the greater effect. However, a cytological study of wheat ovaries fixed 48 h after pollination showed that the wheat genotypes ‘Highbury’ (kr1, Kr2) and ‘Chinese Spring (Hope 5B)’ (kr1, kr2) were crossable with ‘Seneca 60’ maize, fertilization occurring in 14.4 and 30.7% of embryo sacs respectively. The latter figure was similar to the 29.7% fertilization found in ‘Chinese Spring’ (kr1, kr2). Most embryo sacs in which fertilization occurred contained an embryo but lacked an endosperm and where an endosperm was formed it was usually highly aberrant. All three wheat x maize combinations were karyotypically unstable and rapidly eliminated maize chromosomes to produce haploid wheat embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262508
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