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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2008-07-03
    Description: Reprogramming of somatic cells is a valuable tool to understand the mechanisms of regaining pluripotency and further opens up the possibility of generating patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. Reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, designated as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, has been possible with the expression of the transcription factor quartet Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1), Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 (refs 1-11). Considering that ectopic expression of c-Myc causes tumorigenicity in offspring and that retroviruses themselves can cause insertional mutagenesis, the generation of iPS cells with a minimal number of factors may hasten the clinical application of this approach. Here we show that adult mouse neural stem cells express higher endogenous levels of Sox2 and c-Myc than embryonic stem cells, and that exogenous Oct4 together with either Klf4 or c-Myc is sufficient to generate iPS cells from neural stem cells. These two-factor iPS cells are similar to embryonic stem cells at the molecular level, contribute to development of the germ line, and form chimaeras. We propose that, in inducing pluripotency, the number of reprogramming factors can be reduced when using somatic cells that endogenously express appropriate levels of complementing factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Jeong Beom -- Zaehres, Holm -- Wu, Guangming -- Gentile, Luca -- Ko, Kinarm -- Sebastiano, Vittorio -- Arauzo-Bravo, Marcos J -- Ruau, David -- Han, Dong Wook -- Zenke, Martin -- Scholer, Hans R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 31;454(7204):646-50. doi: 10.1038/nature07061. Epub 2008 Jun 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Rontgenstrasse 20, 48149 Munster, NRW, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; Chimera ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, myc/genetics ; HMGB Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurons/*cytology ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Proteins/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transduction, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: Conrad et al. have generated human adult germline stem cells (haGSCs) from human testicular tissue, which they claim have similar pluripotent properties to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here we investigate the pluripotency of haGSCs by using global gene-expression analysis based on their gene array data and comparing the expression of pluripotency marker genes in haGSCs and hESCs, and in haGSCs and human fibroblast samples derived from different laboratories, including our own. We find that haGSCs and fibroblasts have a similar gene-expression profile, but that haGSCs and hESCs do not. The pluripotency of Conrad and colleagues' haGSCs is therefore called into question.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ko, Kinarm -- Arauzo-Bravo, Marcos J -- Tapia, Natalia -- Kim, Julee -- Lin, Qiong -- Bernemann, Christof -- Han, Dong Wook -- Gentile, Luca -- Reinhardt, Peter -- Greber, Boris -- Schneider, Rebekka K -- Kliesch, Sabine -- Zenke, Martin -- Scholer, Hans R -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):E1; discussion E3. doi: 10.1038/nature09089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Munster 48149, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Biopsy ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Testis/cytology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: Changes in groundwater levels on Jeju Island, which is approximately 1500 km from the epicenter of the 2011 M (sub w) 9.0 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake in Japan, were analyzed. The results show a series of water level fluctuations related to the foreshock (M (sub w) 7.3 and M (sub w) 6.1) and aftershock (M (sub w) 7.9) in addition to the mainshock (M (sub w) 9.0). The groundwater-level changes in response to the earthquake were oscillatory, and the groundwater levels at some wells had an irregular pattern after the M (sub w) 9.0 earthquake, although they recovered in five to seven days. This phenomenon may reflect the unstable elastic aquifer properties that are present for a period of time after a large earthquake. In addition, the successive groundwater-level change was different for each magnitude and well location. The magnitude increases the groundwater-level change, but the response amplitude is also dependent on the hydrogeological characteristics at the well. On Jeju Island, the groundwater-level changes due to the earthquake generally increased where there was more volcanic hard rock and more permeable layers, but these changes were inversely correlated with the presence of sedimentary deposits with less permeability and less restrictive characteristics.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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