ALBERT

Beschreibung: Changes in gene regulatory networks are a major source of evolutionary novelty. Here we describe a specific type of network rewiring event, one that intercalates a new level of transcriptional control into an ancient circuit. We deduce that, over evolutionary time, the direct ancestral connections between a regulator and its target genes were broken and replaced by indirect connections, preserving the overall logic of the ancestral circuit but producing a new behaviour. The example was uncovered through a series of experiments in three ascomycete yeasts: the bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and the human pathogen Candida albicans. All three species have three cell types: two mating-competent cell forms (a and alpha) and the product of their mating (a/alpha), which is mating-incompetent. In the ancestral mating circuit, two homeodomain proteins, Mata1 and Matalpha2, form a heterodimer that directly represses four genes that are expressed only in a and alpha cells and are required for mating. In a relatively recent ancestor of K. lactis, a reorganization occurred. The Mata1-Matalpha2 heterodimer represses the same four genes (known as the core haploid-specific genes) but now does so indirectly through an intermediate regulatory protein, Rme1. The overall logic of the ancestral circuit is preserved (haploid-specific genes ON in a and alpha cells and OFF in a/alpha cells), but a new phenotype was produced by the rewiring: unlike S. cerevisiae and C. albicans, K. lactis integrates nutritional signals, by means of Rme1, into the decision of whether or not to mate.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254258/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254258/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Booth, Lauren N -- Tuch, Brian B -- Johnson, Alexander D -- R01 GM037049/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037049-26/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037049-27/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 16;468(7326):959-63. doi: 10.1038/nature09560.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Myocardial infarction (MI), a leading cause of death around the world, displays a complex pattern of inheritance. When MI occurs early in life, genetic inheritance is a major component to risk. Previously, rare mutations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) genes have been shown to contribute to MI risk in individual families, whereas common variants at more than 45 loci have been associated with MI risk in the population. Here we evaluate how rare mutations contribute to early-onset MI risk in the population. We sequenced the protein-coding regions of 9,793 genomes from patients with MI at an early age (〈/=50 years in males and 〈/=60 years in females) along with MI-free controls. We identified two genes in which rare coding-sequence mutations were more frequent in MI cases versus controls at exome-wide significance. At low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), carriers of rare non-synonymous mutations were at 4.2-fold increased risk for MI; carriers of null alleles at LDLR were at even higher risk (13-fold difference). Approximately 2% of early MI cases harbour a rare, damaging mutation in LDLR; this estimate is similar to one made more than 40 years ago using an analysis of total cholesterol. Among controls, about 1 in 217 carried an LDLR coding-sequence mutation and had plasma LDL cholesterol 〉 190 mg dl(-1). At apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5), carriers of rare non-synonymous mutations were at 2.2-fold increased risk for MI. When compared with non-carriers, LDLR mutation carriers had higher plasma LDL cholesterol, whereas APOA5 mutation carriers had higher plasma triglycerides. Recent evidence has connected MI risk with coding-sequence mutations at two genes functionally related to APOA5, namely lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-III (refs 18, 19). Combined, these observations suggest that, as well as LDL cholesterol, disordered metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contributes to MI risk.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4319990/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4319990/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Do, Ron -- Stitziel, Nathan O -- Won, Hong-Hee -- Jorgensen, Anders Berg -- Duga, Stefano -- Angelica Merlini, Pier -- Kiezun, Adam -- Farrall, Martin -- Goel, Anuj -- Zuk, Or -- Guella, Illaria -- Asselta, Rosanna -- Lange, Leslie A -- Peloso, Gina M -- Auer, Paul L -- NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project -- Girelli, Domenico -- Martinelli, Nicola -- Farlow, Deborah N -- DePristo, Mark A -- Roberts, Robert -- Stewart, Alexander F R -- Saleheen, Danish -- Danesh, John -- Epstein, Stephen E -- Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh -- Hovingh, G Kees -- Kastelein, John J -- Samani, Nilesh J -- Schunkert, Heribert -- Erdmann, Jeanette -- Shah, Svati H -- Kraus, William E -- Davies, Robert -- Nikpay, Majid -- Johansen, Christopher T -- Wang, Jian -- Hegele, Robert A -- Hechter, Eliana -- Marz, Winfried -- Kleber, Marcus E -- Huang, Jie -- Johnson, Andrew D -- Li, Mingyao -- Burke, Greg L -- Gross, Myron -- Liu, Yongmei -- Assimes, Themistocles L -- Heiss, Gerardo -- Lange, Ethan M -- Folsom, Aaron R -- Taylor, Herman A -- Olivieri, Oliviero -- Hamsten, Anders -- Clarke, Robert -- Reilly, Dermot F -- Yin, Wu -- Rivas, Manuel A -- Donnelly, Peter -- Rossouw, Jacques E -- Psaty, Bruce M -- Herrington, David M -- Wilson, James G -- Rich, Stephen S -- Bamshad, Michael J -- Tracy, Russell P -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Rader, Daniel J -- Reilly, Muredach P -- Spertus, John A -- Cresci, Sharon -- Hartiala, Jaana -- Tang, W H Wilson -- Hazen, Stanley L -- Allayee, Hooman -- Reiner, Alex P -- Carlson, Christopher S -- Kooperberg, Charles -- Jackson, Rebecca D -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Lander, Eric S -- Schwartz, Stephen M -- Siscovick, David S -- McPherson, Ruth -- Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne -- Abecasis, Goncalo R -- Watkins, Hugh -- Nickerson, Deborah A -- Ardissino, Diego -- Sunyaev, Shamil R -- O'Donnell, Christopher J -- Altshuler, David -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Kathiresan, Sekar -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095552/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 5U54HG003067-11/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- G-0907/Parkinson's UK/United Kingdom -- K08 HL114642/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K08HL114642/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL076491/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL098055/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL107816/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL107816/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102923/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102924/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102925/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102926/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-103010/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007208/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL00720/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007604/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000439/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 5;518(7537):102-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13917. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [4] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. [2] Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB3011, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark. ; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20122, Italy. ; Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano 20162, Italy. ; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2J, UK. ; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. ; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; University of Verona School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Verona 37129, Italy. ; John &Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada. ; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK. ; MedStar Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, USA. ; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands. ; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK. ; DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Deutsches Herzzentrum Munchen, Technische Universitat Munchen, Berlin 13347, Germany. ; Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lubeck, Lubeck 23562, Germany. ; 1] Center for Human Genetics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. [2] Department of Cardiology and Center for Genomic Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. ; Department of Cardiology and Center for Genomic Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. ; Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada. ; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. [2] Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. ; 1] Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Ludolf Krehl Strasse 7-11, Mannheim D-68167, Germany. [2] Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria. [3] Synlab Academy, Mannheim 68259, Germany. ; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Ludolf Krehl Strasse 7-11, Mannheim D-68167, Germany. ; The National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Center for Population Studies, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. [2] Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. ; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA. ; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden. ; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. ; Merck Sharp &Dohme Corporation, Rahway, New Jersey 08889, USA. ; The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. ; 1] The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. [2] Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA. ; 1] Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. ; Section on Cardiology, and Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, USA. ; Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA. ; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. ; 1] Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. [3] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; St Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64111, USA. ; 1] Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. ; Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. ; Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. ; 1] Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. ; Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB3011, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark. [2] Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Kobenhavn N, Denmark. ; Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Missouri 48109, USA. ; 1] Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2J, UK. [2] The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Department of Cardiology, Parma Hospital, Parma 43100, Italy. ; 1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Blood pressure is a heritable trait influenced by several biological pathways and responsive to environmental stimuli. Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension (〉/=140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure or 〉/=90 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure). Even small increments in blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This genome-wide association study of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which used a multi-stage design in 200,000 individuals of European descent, identified sixteen novel loci: six of these loci contain genes previously known or suspected to regulate blood pressure (GUCY1A3-GUCY1B3, NPR3-C5orf23, ADM, FURIN-FES, GOSR2, GNAS-EDN3); the other ten provide new clues to blood pressure physiology. A genetic risk score based on 29 genome-wide significant variants was associated with hypertension, left ventricular wall thickness, stroke and coronary artery disease, but not kidney disease or kidney function. We also observed associations with blood pressure in East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry individuals. Our findings provide new insights into the genetics and biology of blood pressure, and suggest potential novel therapeutic pathways for cardiovascular disease prevention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340926/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340926/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies -- Ehret, Georg B -- Munroe, Patricia B -- Rice, Kenneth M -- Bochud, Murielle -- Johnson, Andrew D -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Smith, Albert V -- Tobin, Martin D -- Verwoert, Germaine C -- Hwang, Shih-Jen -- Pihur, Vasyl -- Vollenweider, Peter -- O'Reilly, Paul F -- Amin, Najaf -- Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L -- Teumer, Alexander -- Glazer, Nicole L -- Launer, Lenore -- Zhao, Jing Hua -- Aulchenko, Yurii -- Heath, Simon -- Sober, Siim -- Parsa, Afshin -- Luan, Jian'an -- Arora, Pankaj -- Dehghan, Abbas -- Zhang, Feng -- Lucas, Gavin -- Hicks, Andrew A -- Jackson, Anne U -- Peden, John F -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Wild, Sarah H -- Rudan, Igor -- Igl, Wilmar -- Milaneschi, Yuri -- Parker, Alex N -- Fava, Cristiano -- Chambers, John C -- Fox, Ervin R -- Kumari, Meena -- Go, Min Jin -- van der Harst, Pim -- Kao, Wen Hong Linda -- Sjogren, Marketa -- Vinay, D G -- Alexander, Myriam -- Tabara, Yasuharu -- Shaw-Hawkins, Sue -- Whincup, Peter H -- Liu, Yongmei -- Shi, Gang -- Kuusisto, Johanna -- Tayo, Bamidele -- Seielstad, Mark -- Sim, Xueling -- Nguyen, Khanh-Dung Hoang -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Matullo, Giuseppe -- Wu, Ying -- Gaunt, Tom R -- Onland-Moret, N Charlotte -- Cooper, Matthew N -- Platou, Carl G P -- Org, Elin -- Hardy, Rebecca -- Dahgam, Santosh -- Palmen, Jutta -- Vitart, Veronique -- Braund, Peter S -- Kuznetsova, Tatiana -- Uiterwaal, Cuno S P M -- Adeyemo, Adebowale -- Palmas, Walter -- Campbell, Harry -- Ludwig, Barbara -- Tomaszewski, Maciej -- Tzoulaki, Ioanna -- Palmer, Nicholette D -- CARDIoGRAM consortium -- CKDGen Consortium -- KidneyGen Consortium -- EchoGen consortium -- CHARGE-HF consortium -- Aspelund, Thor -- Garcia, Melissa -- Chang, Yen-Pei C -- O'Connell, Jeffrey R -- Steinle, Nanette I -- Grobbee, Diederick E -- Arking, Dan E -- Kardia, Sharon L -- Morrison, Alanna C -- Hernandez, Dena -- Najjar, Samer -- McArdle, Wendy L -- Hadley, David -- Brown, Morris J -- Connell, John M -- Hingorani, Aroon D -- Day, Ian N M -- Lawlor, Debbie A -- Beilby, John P -- Lawrence, Robert W -- Clarke, Robert -- Hopewell, Jemma C -- Ongen, Halit -- Dreisbach, Albert W -- Li, Yali -- Young, J Hunter -- Bis, Joshua C -- Kahonen, Mika -- Viikari, Jorma -- Adair, Linda S -- Lee, Nanette R -- Chen, Ming-Huei -- Olden, Matthias -- Pattaro, Cristian -- Bolton, Judith A Hoffman -- Kottgen, Anna -- Bergmann, Sven -- Mooser, Vincent -- Chaturvedi, Nish -- Frayling, Timothy M -- Islam, Muhammad -- Jafar, Tazeen H -- Erdmann, Jeanette -- Kulkarni, Smita R -- Bornstein, Stefan R -- Grassler, Jurgen -- Groop, Leif -- Voight, Benjamin F -- Kettunen, Johannes -- Howard, Philip -- Taylor, Andrew -- Guarrera, Simonetta -- Ricceri, Fulvio -- Emilsson, Valur -- Plump, Andrew -- Barroso, Ines -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Weder, Alan B -- Hunt, Steven C -- Sun, Yan V -- Bergman, Richard N -- Collins, Francis S -- Bonnycastle, Lori L -- Scott, Laura J -- Stringham, Heather M -- Peltonen, Leena -- Perola, Markus -- Vartiainen, Erkki -- Brand, Stefan-Martin -- Staessen, Jan A -- Wang, Thomas J -- Burton, Paul R -- Soler Artigas, Maria -- Dong, Yanbin -- Snieder, Harold -- Wang, Xiaoling -- Zhu, Haidong -- Lohman, Kurt K -- Rudock, Megan E -- Heckbert, Susan R -- Smith, Nicholas L -- Wiggins, Kerri L -- Doumatey, Ayo -- Shriner, Daniel -- Veldre, Gudrun -- Viigimaa, Margus -- Kinra, Sanjay -- Prabhakaran, Dorairaj -- Tripathy, Vikal -- Langefeld, Carl D -- Rosengren, Annika -- Thelle, Dag S -- Corsi, Anna Maria -- Singleton, Andrew -- Forrester, Terrence -- Hilton, Gina -- McKenzie, Colin A -- Salako, Tunde -- Iwai, Naoharu -- Kita, Yoshikuni -- Ogihara, Toshio -- Ohkubo, Takayoshi -- Okamura, Tomonori -- Ueshima, Hirotsugu -- Umemura, Satoshi -- Eyheramendy, Susana -- Meitinger, Thomas -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Cho, Yoon Shin -- Kim, Hyung-Lae -- Lee, Jong-Young -- Scott, James -- Sehmi, Joban S -- Zhang, Weihua -- Hedblad, Bo -- Nilsson, Peter -- Smith, George Davey -- Wong, Andrew -- Narisu, Narisu -- Stancakova, Alena -- Raffel, Leslie J -- Yao, Jie -- Kathiresan, Sekar -- O'Donnell, Christopher J -- Schwartz, Stephen M -- Ikram, M Arfan -- Longstreth, W T Jr -- Mosley, Thomas H -- Seshadri, Sudha -- Shrine, Nick R G -- Wain, Louise V -- Morken, Mario A -- Swift, Amy J -- Laitinen, Jaana -- Prokopenko, Inga -- Zitting, Paavo -- Cooper, Jackie A -- Humphries, Steve E -- Danesh, John -- Rasheed, Asif -- Goel, Anuj -- Hamsten, Anders -- Watkins, Hugh -- Bakker, Stephan J L -- van Gilst, Wiek H -- Janipalli, Charles S -- Mani, K Radha -- Yajnik, Chittaranjan S -- Hofman, Albert -- Mattace-Raso, Francesco U S -- Oostra, Ben A -- Demirkan, Ayse -- Isaacs, Aaron -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Lakatta, Edward G -- Orru, Marco -- Scuteri, Angelo -- Ala-Korpela, Mika -- Kangas, Antti J -- Lyytikainen, Leo-Pekka -- Soininen, Pasi -- Tukiainen, Taru -- Wurtz, Peter -- Ong, Rick Twee-Hee -- Dorr, Marcus -- Kroemer, Heyo K -- Volker, Uwe -- Volzke, Henry -- Galan, Pilar -- Hercberg, Serge -- Lathrop, Mark -- Zelenika, Diana -- Deloukas, Panos -- Mangino, Massimo -- Spector, Tim D -- Zhai, Guangju -- Meschia, James F -- Nalls, Michael A -- Sharma, Pankaj -- Terzic, Janos -- Kumar, M V Kranthi -- Denniff, Matthew -- Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa -- Wagenknecht, Lynne E -- Fowkes, F Gerald R -- Charchar, Fadi J -- Schwarz, Peter E H -- Hayward, Caroline -- Guo, Xiuqing -- Rotimi, Charles -- Bots, Michiel L -- Brand, Eva -- Samani, Nilesh J -- Polasek, Ozren -- Talmud, Philippa J -- Nyberg, Fredrik -- Kuh, Diana -- Laan, Maris -- Hveem, Kristian -- Palmer, Lyle J -- van der Schouw, Yvonne T -- Casas, Juan P -- Mohlke, Karen L -- Vineis, Paolo -- Raitakari, Olli -- Ganesh, Santhi K -- Wong, Tien Y -- Tai, E Shyong -- Cooper, Richard S -- Laakso, Markku -- Rao, Dabeeru C -- Harris, Tamara B -- Morris, Richard W -- Dominiczak, Anna F -- Kivimaki, Mika -- Marmot, Michael G -- Miki, Tetsuro -- Saleheen, Danish -- Chandak, Giriraj R -- Coresh, Josef -- Navis, Gerjan -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Han, Bok-Ghee -- Zhu, Xiaofeng -- Kooner, Jaspal S -- Melander, Olle -- Ridker, Paul M -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Gyllensten, Ulf B -- Wright, Alan F -- Wilson, James F -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Farrall, Martin -- Tuomilehto, Jaakko -- Pramstaller, Peter P -- Elosua, Roberto -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Sijbrands, Eric J G -- Altshuler, David -- Loos, Ruth J F -- Shuldiner, Alan R -- Gieger, Christian -- Meneton, Pierre -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Rotter, Jerome I -- Rettig, Rainer -- Uda, Manuela -- Strachan, David P -- Witteman, Jacqueline C M -- Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa -- Beckmann, Jacques S -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Vasan, Ramachandran S -- Boehnke, Michael -- Larson, Martin G -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Psaty, Bruce M -- Abecasis, Goncalo R -- Chakravarti, Aravinda -- Elliott, Paul -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Newton-Cheh, Christopher -- Levy, Daniel -- Caulfield, Mark J -- Johnson, Toby -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 070191/Z/03/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079895/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 080747/Z/06/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01AG032098-01A/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 1RL1MH083268-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 263 MD 821336/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ -- 263 MD 9164/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ -- 263-MA-410953/PHS HHS/ -- 2M01RR010284/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 33014/PHS HHS/ -- 55005617/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- 5R01HL086694-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL087679-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL08770002/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01MH63706:02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5U01CA086308/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- AG13196/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CH/03/001/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/276/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/710/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- DK062370/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK072193/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK075787/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK078150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK56350/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- ES10126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- FS05/125/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0100222/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0400874/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500539/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0501942/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- G0501942/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600331/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601966/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700931/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701863/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801056/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0902037/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0902313/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G19/35/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G20234/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G8802774/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010D/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HG003054/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG005581/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268200625226C/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN268200782096/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN268200782096C/PHS HHS/ -- HL 54512/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 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MOP172605/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP77682/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- N01 HC-15103/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01 HC-55222/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01 HC-95159/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01 HC-95169/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-AG-1-2109/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- N01-AG-12100/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-25195/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-35129/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-45133/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55015/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55016/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55018/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55019/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55020/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55021/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55022/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-75150/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85079/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85080/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85081/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85082/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85083/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85084/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85085/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85086/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-95160/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 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Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG/08/008/25291/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG/08/013/25942/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG/08/014/24067/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG/98002/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG08/01/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RR-024156/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR20649/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- S06GM008016-320107/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S06GM008016-380111/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- SP/04/002/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- SP/08/005/25115/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- TW008288/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- TW05596/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062418/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM074518-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL054466/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL054466-11/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL054471/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL054473/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL054527/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL072515-06/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL080295/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS069208/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS069208-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01DE018903/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- U01DE01899/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004415/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004422/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004423/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004436/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004438/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004446/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004726/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004728/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004729/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004738/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U10 HL054512/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U10HL054512/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR025005/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Sep 11;478(7367):103-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P 〈 5 x 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185210/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185210/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, John R B -- Day, Felix -- Elks, Cathy E -- Sulem, Patrick -- Thompson, Deborah J -- Ferreira, Teresa -- He, Chunyan -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Esko, Tonu -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Albrecht, Eva -- Ang, Wei Q -- Corre, Tanguy -- Cousminer, Diana L -- Feenstra, Bjarke -- Franceschini, Nora -- Ganna, Andrea -- Johnson, Andrew D -- Kjellqvist, Sanela -- Lunetta, Kathryn L -- McMahon, George -- Nolte, Ilja M -- Paternoster, Lavinia -- Porcu, Eleonora -- Smith, Albert V -- Stolk, Lisette -- Teumer, Alexander -- Tsernikova, Natalia -- Tikkanen, Emmi -- Ulivi, Sheila -- Wagner, Erin K -- Amin, Najaf -- Bierut, Laura J -- Byrne, Enda M -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Koller, Daniel L -- Mangino, Massimo -- Pers, Tune H -- Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M -- Hua Zhao, Jing -- Andrulis, Irene L -- Anton-Culver, Hoda -- Atsma, Femke -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Beckmann, Matthias W -- Benitez, Javier -- Blomqvist, Carl -- Bojesen, Stig E -- Bolla, Manjeet K -- Bonanni, Bernardo -- Brauch, Hiltrud -- Brenner, Hermann -- Buring, Julie E -- Chang-Claude, Jenny -- Chanock, Stephen -- Chen, Jinhui -- Chenevix-Trench, Georgia -- Collee, J Margriet -- Couch, Fergus J -- Couper, David -- Coviello, Andrea D -- Cox, Angela -- Czene, Kamila -- D'adamo, Adamo Pio -- Davey Smith, George -- De Vivo, Immaculata -- Demerath, Ellen W -- Dennis, Joe -- Devilee, Peter -- Dieffenbach, Aida K -- Dunning, Alison M -- Eiriksdottir, Gudny -- Eriksson, Johan G -- Fasching, Peter A -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Flesch-Janys, Dieter -- Flyger, Henrik -- Foroud, Tatiana -- Franke, Lude -- Garcia, Melissa E -- Garcia-Closas, Montserrat -- Geller, Frank -- de Geus, Eco E J -- Giles, Graham G -- Gudbjartsson, Daniel F -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Guenel, Pascal -- Guo, Suiqun -- Hall, Per -- Hamann, Ute -- Haring, Robin -- Hartman, Catharina A -- Heath, Andrew C -- Hofman, Albert -- Hooning, Maartje J -- Hopper, John L -- Hu, Frank B -- Hunter, David J -- Karasik, David -- Kiel, Douglas P -- Knight, Julia A -- Kosma, Veli-Matti -- Kutalik, Zoltan -- Lai, Sandra -- Lambrechts, Diether -- Lindblom, Annika -- Magi, Reedik -- Magnusson, Patrik K -- Mannermaa, Arto -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Masson, Gisli -- McArdle, Patrick F -- McArdle, Wendy L -- Melbye, Mads -- Michailidou, Kyriaki -- Mihailov, Evelin -- Milani, Lili -- Milne, Roger L -- Nevanlinna, Heli -- Neven, Patrick -- Nohr, Ellen A -- Oldehinkel, Albertine J -- Oostra, Ben A -- Palotie, Aarno -- Peacock, Munro -- Pedersen, Nancy L -- Peterlongo, Paolo -- Peto, Julian -- Pharoah, Paul D P -- Postma, Dirkje S -- Pouta, Anneli -- Pylkas, Katri -- Radice, Paolo -- Ring, Susan -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Robino, Antonietta -- Rose, Lynda M -- Rudolph, Anja -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Sanna, Serena -- Schlessinger, David -- Schmidt, Marjanka K -- Southey, Mellissa C -- Sovio, Ulla -- Stampfer, Meir J -- Stockl, Doris -- Storniolo, Anna M -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Tyrer, Jonathan -- Visser, Jenny A -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Volzke, Henry -- Waeber, Gerard -- Waldenberger, Melanie -- Wallaschofski, Henri -- Wang, Qin -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Winqvist, Robert -- Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R -- Wright, Margaret J -- Australian Ovarian Cancer Study -- GENICA Network -- kConFab -- LifeLines Cohort Study -- InterAct Consortium -- Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Econs, Michael J -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Loos, Ruth J F -- McCarthy, Mark I -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Rice, John P -- Streeten, Elizabeth A -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z -- Bergmann, Sven -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Boyd, Heather A -- Crisponi, Laura -- Gasparini, Paolo -- Gieger, Christian -- Harris, Tamara B -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Kraft, Peter -- Lawlor, Debbie -- Metspalu, Andres -- Pennell, Craig E -- Ridker, Paul M -- Snieder, Harold -- Sorensen, Thorkild I A -- Spector, Tim D -- Strachan, David P -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Widen, Elisabeth -- Zygmunt, Marek -- Murray, Anna -- Easton, Douglas F -- Stefansson, Kari -- Murabito, Joanne M -- Ong, Ken K -- 098381/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 10118/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0701863/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9815508/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106179471/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106179472/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12015/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12015/2/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MR/J012165/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P50 CA116201/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG041517/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR001108/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):92-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13545. Epub 2014 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. [4] Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. [5]. ; 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2]. ; 1] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. [2]. ; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ; School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, WA-6009, Australia. ; 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. ; Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA. ; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden. ; NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA. ; Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Box 1031, 17121 Solna, Sweden. ; 1] NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA. [2] Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; 1] MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. [2] School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; 1] Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy. [2] University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 07100 Sassari, Italy. ; 1] Icelandic Heart Association, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. ; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. ; 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. [2] Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. ; Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy. ; Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; 1] The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia. ; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3082, USA. ; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. ; 1] Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical 142 University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. ; Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. ; 1] Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-7550, USA. ; Sanquin Research, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ; 1] Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy, I.O.T. and Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy. [2] Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy. ; University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. ; 1] Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain. [2] Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-46010 Valencia, Spain. ; Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00100 Helsinki, Finland. ; 1] Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), 20139 Milan, Italy. ; 1] DrMargarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany. [2] University of Tubingen, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany. ; 1] Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [2] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Departments of Anatomy and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Stark Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006 Australia. ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7420, USA. ; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK. ; 1] Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy. [2] Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics &Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. ; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Icelandic Heart Association, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland. ; 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [3] Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland. [4] Folkhalsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland. ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. [2] Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK. ; 1] Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2] EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Bt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. [2] Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; 1] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; 1] Inserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, F-94807 Villejuif, France. [2] University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China. ; Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. ; 1] Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada. ; 1] School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. [2] Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland. ; Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy. ; 1] Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. ; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5101, USA. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland. ; KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Research Unit of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark. ; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. [2] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy. ; Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. ; University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, GRIAC Research Institute, P.O. Box 30.001, NL-9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, FI-90029 OYS Oulu, Finland. ; Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. ; Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. ; National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK. ; 1] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-8576 Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-81377 Munich, Germany. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; 1] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. [2] DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-8576 Neuherberg, Germany. ; 1] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. [2] DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. ; 1] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3082, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. ; 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, New York 10029, USA. ; 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. [2] NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. ; 1] Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. [2] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC) - Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ; 1] Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Centre of Medical Systems Biology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. ; Human Genetics Center and Divof Epidemiology, University of Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Texas 77025 USA. ; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 256, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. [2] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. [3] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. [4] Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland. [5] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O. Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark. [2] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. ; Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK. ; 1] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. [3]. ; 1] NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA. [2] Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [3]. ; 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [3].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25231870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Epistasis-the non-additive interactions between different genetic loci-constrains evolutionary pathways, blocking some and permitting others. For biological networks such as transcription circuits, the nature of these constraints and their consequences are largely unknown. Here we describe the evolutionary pathways of a transcription network that controls the response to mating pheromone in yeast. A component of this network, the transcription regulator Ste12, has evolved two different modes of binding to a set of its target genes. In one group of species, Ste12 binds to specific DNA binding sites, while in another lineage it occupies DNA indirectly, relying on a second transcription regulator to recognize DNA. We show, through the construction of various possible evolutionary intermediates, that evolution of the direct mode of DNA binding was not directly accessible to the ancestor. Instead, it was contingent on a lineage-specific change to an overlapping transcription network with a different function, the specification of cell type. These results show that analysing and predicting the evolution of cis-regulatory regions requires an understanding of their positions in overlapping networks, as this placement constrains the available evolutionary pathways.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531262/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531262/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sorrells, Trevor R -- Booth, Lauren N -- Tuch, Brian B -- Johnson, Alexander D -- R01 GM037049/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):361-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14613. Epub 2015 Jul 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Biochemistry &Biophysics, Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry &Biophysics, Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA [2] Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26153861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Fungi from the genus Candida are common members of the human microbiota; however, they are also important opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. Several morphological transitions have been linked to the ability of these fungi to occupy the different ecological niches in the human body. The transcription factor Efg1 from the APSES family plays a central role in the transcription circuits underlying several of these morphological changes. In Candida albicans , for example, Efg1 is a central regulator of filamentation, biofilm formation, and white-opaque switching, processes associated with survival in the human host. Orthologs of Efg1 are present throughout the Candida clade but, surprisingly, the genome sequence of Candida tropicalis failed to uncover a gene coding for Efg1. One possibility was that the paralog of Efg1, Efh1, had assumed the function of Efg1 in C. tropicalis . However, we show that this gene has only a minor role in the morphological transitions mentioned above. Instead, we report here that C. tropicalis does have an ortholog of the EFG1 gene found in other Candida species. The gene is located in a different genomic position than EFG1 in C. albicans , in a region that contains a gap in the current genome assembly of C. tropicalis . We show that the newly identified C. tropicalis EFG1 gene regulates filamentation, biofilm formation, and white-opaque switching. Our results highlight the conserved role of Efg1 in controlling morphogenesis in Candida species and remind us that published genome sequences are drafts that require continuous curation and careful scrutiny.

Beschreibung: The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can switch between two cell types, "white" and "opaque," each of which is heritable through many cell divisions. Switching between these two cell types is regulated by six transcriptional regulators that form a highly interconnected circuit with multiple feedback loops. Here, we identify a seventh regulator of white-opaque switching, which we have named Wor4. We show that ectopic expression of Wor4 is sufficient to drive switching from the white to the opaque cell type, and that deletion of Wor4 blocks switching from the white to the opaque cell type. A combination of ectopic expression and deletion experiments indicates that Wor4 is positioned upstream of Wor1, and that it is formally an activator of the opaque cell type. The combination of ectopic expression and deletion phenotypes for Wor4 is unique; none of the other six white-opaque regulators show this pattern. We determined the pattern of Wor4 binding across the genome by ChIP-seq and found it is highly correlated with that of Wor1 and Wor2, indicating that Wor4 is tightly integrated into the existing white-opaque regulatory circuit. We previously proposed that white-to-opaque switching relies on the activation of a complex circuit of feedback loops that remains excited through many cell divisions. The identification of a new, central regulator of white-opaque switching supports this idea by indicating that the white-opaque switching mechanism is considerably more complex than those controlling conventional, nonheritable patterns of gene expression.