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  • Biomass  (3)
  • Global change  (2)
  • Root restriction  (2)
  • Springer  (7)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Oxford University Press
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  • Springer  (7)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumption rates and food preferences of slugs in a calcareous grassland under current and future CO2 conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 125 (2000), S. 72-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Elevated CO2 ; Global change ; Alternative feeding ; Herbivory ; Legumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  This study explored consumption of a generalist herbivore feeding on leaf tissue of various plant species of a calcareous grassland, and tested whether consumption levels and preferences changed when plants were exposed to 5 years of in situ CO2 enrichment. The first part of this experiment tested whether the consumption patterns of slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) observed in single-species feeding tests were altered when slugs were given a choice of food sources. Overall consumption increased 270% when slugs were given a choice, and they preferred having a choice of food sources more than they preferred having any one food source. Surprisingly, slugs consumed fewer legumes and grasses and more non-leguminous forbs when given a choice. In the second part of this experiment, feeding behaviors of slugs in response to elevated CO2 were investigated by feeding them leaves of two legumes, one grass, and a non-leguminous forb (Trifolium medium, Lotus corniculatus, Bromus erectus, and Sanguisorba minor, respectively) in two or four species combinations. In the leguminous species mix, the non-leguminous species mix, and the combined mix (legumes and non-legumes), neither overall consumption by herbivores nor species preference was significantly altered by long-term CO2 enrichment. In the combined species mix, slugs preferred legumes to non-legumes (P=0.012) and exhibited a weak functional group preference shift from non-legumes to legumes (P=0.089) in response to CO2 enrichment. This is the first time such a shift has been observed, and provides evidence that there may be multiple herbivore responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Numerous single-species feeding tests using insects have shown that consumption by herbivores may increase when herbivores are fed plants grown in enriched CO2 atmospheres. This study clearly demonstrates the limited applicability of non-choice feeding trials to generalist herbivores in species-rich communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008893
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation, within and between organs, and the dynamics of root length changes in two birch species (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 101 (1995), S. 439-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allocation ; Betula ; Biomass ; Nutrients ; Root length dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal dynamics of biomass allocation within and between organs were investigated in seedlings of two birch species of contrasting successional status. Seedlings of Betula alleghaniensis Britt (yellow birch) and B. populifolia Marsh (gray birch) were grown for 6 weeks at two nutrient levels in rectangular plexiglass containers to allow non-destructive estimates of root growth, production and loss. Leaf area and production were simultaneously monitored. Yellow birch responded more to nutrient level than gray birch in terms of total biomass, shoot biomass, leaf area and root length. Yellow birch also flexibly altered within-organ allocation (specific leaf area, specific root length and specific soil amount). In contrast, gray birch altered between-organ allocation patterns (root length:leaf area and soil amount:leaf area ratios) more than yellow birch in response to nutrient level. Yellow birch showed greater overall root density changes within a very compact root system, while gray birch showed localized root density changes as concentric bands of new root production spread through the soil. Species differ critically in their responses of standing root length and root production and loss rates to nutrient supply. Early successional species such as gray birch are hypothesized to exhibit higher plasticity in varied environments than later successional species such as yellow birch. Our results suggest that different patterns of allocation, within and between plant organs, do not necessarily follow the same trajectories. To characterize thoroughly the nature of functional flexibility through ontogeny, within- and between-organ patterns of allocation must be accounted for.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329422
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 and plant nitrogen-use: is reduced tissue nitrogen concentration size-dependent? (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allometry ; C/N Balance ; Global change ; Nitrogen-use efficiency ; Physiological adjustments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants often respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels with reduced tissue nitrogen concentrations relative to ambient CO2-grown plants when comparisons are made at a common time. Another common response to enriched CO2 atmospheres is an acceleration in plant growth rates. Because plant nitrogen concentrations are often highest in seedlings and subsequently decrease during growth, comparisons between ambient and elevated CO2-grown plants made at a common time may not demonstrate CO2-induced reductions in plant nitrogen concentration per se. Rather, this comparison may be highlighting differences in nitrogen concentration between bigger, more developed plants and smaller, less developed plants. In this study, we directly examined whether elevated CO2 environments reduce plant nitrogen concentrations independent of changes in plant growth rates. We grew two annual plant species. Abutilon theophrasti (C3 photosynthetic pathway) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C4 photosynthetic pathway), from seed in glass-sided growth chambers with atmospheric CO2 levels of 350 μmol·mol−1 or 700 μmol·mol−1 and with high or low fertilizer applications. Individual plants were harvested every 2 days starting 3 days after germination to determine plant biomass and nitrogen concentration. We found: 1. High CO2-grown plants had reduced nitrogen concentrations and increased biomass relative to ambient CO2-grown plants when compared at a common time; 2. Tissue nitrogen concentrations did not vary as a function of CO2 level when plants were compared at a common size; and 3. The rate of biomass accumulation per rate of increase in plant nitrogen was unaffected by CO2 availability, but was altered by nutrient availability. These results indicate that a CO2-induced reduction in plant nitrogen concentration may not be due to physiological changes in plant nitrogen use efficiency, but is probably a size-dependent phenomenon resulting from accelerated plant growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317671
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population niche structure (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 291-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Abutilon ; Biomass ; Reproduction ; Light Nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The response of twenty maternal families of the annual Abutilon theophrasti to two resource gradients, nutrient and light, was investigated. The structure of the population niche for both biomass and reproductive output was found to be quite different on the two gradients. On the light gradient there was a great diversity of responses among the families while on the nutrient gradient the families responded in a similar manner. On both gradients the plants showed a significant genotype/environment interaction. Three strategies for the production of seed variation have been proposed-all offspring are adapted to the same restricted environment, each offspring of an individual is adapted to a particular environment somewhat different thant that of its siblings, and all the offspring are able to grow in a wide range of environments. We found evidence for all three of these strategies amongst the families. The range of responses seen amongst families (of the same species) in this study was as broad as that found in previous studies among species of the old field annual community to which Abutilon theophrasti belongs. This has significant implications to the nature of competitive interactions and to the evolution of differential resource use in plant populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379281
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 differentially alters the responses of coocurring birch and maple seedlings to a moisture gradient (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Moisture gradient ; Biomass ; Niche breadth ; Gray birch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the effects of elevated CO2 and soil moisture status on growth and niche characteristics of birch and maple seedlings, gray birch (Betula populifolia) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were experimentally raised along a soil moisture gradient ranging from extreme drought to flooded conditions at both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to CO2 was largely contingent on soil moisture conditions, but differently so for maple than for birch seedlings. Red maple showed greatest CO2 enhancements under moderately moist soil conditions, whereas gray birch showed greatest enhancements under moderately dry soil conditions. Additionally, CO2 had a relatively greater ameliorating effect in flooded conditions for red maple than for gray birch, whereas the reverse pattern was true for these species under extreme drought conditions. For both species, elevated CO2 resulted in a reduction in niche breadths on the moisture gradient; 5% for gray birch and 23% for red maple. Species niche overlap (proportional overall) was also lower at elevated CO2 (0.98 to: 0.88: 11%). This study highlights the utility of of experiments crossing CO2 levels with gradients of other resources as effective tools for elucidating the potential consequences of elevated CO2 on species distributions and potential interactions in natural communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317191
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 alters deployment of roots in “small” growth containers (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 558-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: CO2 ; Nutrients ; Pot size ; Root deployment ; Root restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we examined how limited rooting space and nutrient supply influenced plant growth under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (McConnaughay et al. 1993). We demonstrated that plant growth enhancement under elevated CO2 was influenced more by the concentration of nutrients added to growth containers than to either the total nutrient content per pot or amount or the dimensions of available rooting space. To gain insight into how elevated CO2 atmospheres affect how plants utilize available belowground space when rooting space and nutrient supply are limited we measured the deployment of roots within pots through time. Contrary to aboveground responses, patterns of belowground deployment were most strongly influenced by elevated CO2 in pots of different volume and shape. Further, elevated CO2 conditions interacted differently with limited belowground space for the two species we studied,Abutilon theophrasti, a C3 dicot with a deep taproot, andSetaria faberii, a C4 monocot with a shallow fibrous root system. ForSetaria, elevated CO2 increased the size of the largest region of low root density at the pot surface in larger rooting volumes independent of nutrient content, thereby decreasing their efficiency of deployment. ForAbutilon, plants responded to elevated CO2 concentrations by equalizing the pattern of deployment in all the pots. Nutrient concentration, and not pot size or shape, greatly influenced the density of root growth. Root densities forAbutilon andSetaria were similar to those observed in field conditions, for annual dicots and monocots respectively, suggesting that studies using pots may successfully mimic natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566972
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitations to CO2-induced growth enhancement in pot studies (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 550-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Growth enhancement ; Nutrients ; Pot size ; Root restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, it has been suggested that small pots may reduce or eliminate plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres due to root restriction. While smaller pot volumes provide less physical space available for root growth, they also provide less nutrients. Reduced nutrient availability alone may reduce growth enhancement under elevated CO2. To investigate the relative importance of limited physical rooting space separate from and in conjunction with soil nutrients, we grew plants at ambient and double-ambient CO2 levels in growth containers of varied volume, shape, nutrient concentration, and total nutrient content. Two species (Abutilon theophrasti, a C3 dicot with a deep tap root andSetaria faberii, a C4 monocot with a shallow diffuse root system) were selected for their contrasting physiology and root architecture. Shoot demography was determined weekly and biomass was determined after eight and ten weeks of growth. Increasing total nutrients, either by increasing nutrient concentration or by increasing pot size, increased plant growth. Further, increasing pot size while maintaining equal total nutrients per pot resulted in increased total biomass for both species. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were greatest in pots with high nutrient concentrations, regardless of total nutrient content or pot size, and were also mediated by the shape of the pot. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were unaffected by pot size (growth) or were greater in small pots (reproductive yield), regardless of total nutrient content, contrary to predictions based on earlier studies. These results suggest that several aspects of growth conditions within pots may influence the CO2 responses of plants; pot size, pot shape, the concentration and total amount of nutrient additions to pots may lead to over-or underestimates of the CO2 responses of real-world plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566971
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